Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients

Age

75.0 ± 11.7

75.1 ± 12.7

0.968

74.5 ± 12.2

74.8 ± 12.9

77.1 ± 11.1

70.9 ± 13.3

77.1 ± 13.9

0.006

Sex (Female)

455 (41.1%)

228 (41.2%)

0.972

95 (44.4%)

16 (34.0%)

32 (32.3%)

43 (52.4%)

41 (40.2%)

0.053

BMI

22.34 ± 4.2

20.9 ± 4.3

<0.001

20.9 ± 4.3

21.2 ± 3.1

20.8 ± 4.4

20.3 ± 3.6

21.9 ± 5.0

0.181

Pulmonary function

<0.001

0.246

FVC: <80 pred.%

243 (33.3%)

150 (44.3%)

59 (45.0%)

19 (67.9%)

24 (48.0%)

26 (43.3%)

21 (33.3%)

FEV1: > 80 pred.%

219 (30.0%)

58 (17.1%)

19 (14.5%)

3 (10.7%)

6 (12.0%)

10 (16.7%)

18 (28.6%)

FEV1: 50–80 pred.%

154 (21.1%)

53 (15.6%)

21 (16.0%)

3 (10.7%)

8 (16.0%)

11 (18.3%)

10 (15.9%)

FEV1: <50 pred.%

114 (15.6%)

78 (23.0%)

32 (24.4%)

3 (10.7%)

12 (24.0%)

13 (21.7%)

14 (22.2%)

Previous exacerbation*

2.3 ± 6.6

3.9 ± 6.6

<0.001

3.7 ± 4.0

5.6 ± 12.9

3.5 ± 3.3

3.7 ± 3.3

4.3 ± 10.3

0.419

0

284 (25.6%)

40 (7.2%)

<0.001

16 (7.5%)

3 (6.4%)

5 (5.1%)

7 (8.5%)

9 (8.8%)

0.811

1

408 (36.8%)

142 (25.6%)

57 (26.6%)

11 (23.4%)

21 (21.2%)

20 (24.4%)

30 (29.4%)

2

158 (14.3%)

90 (16.3%)

29 (13.6%)

9 (19.2%)

23 (23.2%)

12 (14.6%)

16 (15.7%)

≥ 3

258 (23.3%)

282 (50.9%)

112 (52.3%)

24 (51.1%)

50 (50.5%)

43 (52.4%)

47 (46.1%)

BACI index

11.0 ± 6.8

11.3 ± 6.4

0.358

10.4 ± 5.8

12.3 ± 8.5

11.0 ± 5.9

11.9 ± 6.4

12.5 ± 6.9

0.047

Comorbidity

Solid tumor

126 (11.4%)

64 (11.6%)

0.913

20 (9.4%)

10 (21.3%)

8 (8.1%)

10 (12.2%)

16 (15.7%)

0.087

Hematological malignancy

56 (5.1%)

25 (4.5%)

0.629

10 (4.7%)

1 (2.1%)

2 (2.0%)

6 (7.3%)

6 (5.9%)

0.436

COPD

737 (66.5%)

365 (65.9%)

0.797

133 (62.2%)

29 (61.7%)

64 (64.7%)

62 (75.6%)

70 (68.6%)

0.236

Liver disease

308 (27.8%)

143 (25.8%)

0.391

44 (20.6%)

12 (25.5%)

26 (26.3%)

27 (32.9%)

30 (29.4%)

0.201

Connective tissue disease

84 (7.6%)

39 (7.0%)

0.691

13 (6.1%)

1 (2.1%)

6 (6.1%)

8 (9.8%)

11 (10.8%)

0.268

Diabetes

452 (40.8%)

226 (40.8%)

1

80 (37.4%)

24 (51.1%)

43 (43.4%)

30 (36.6%)

43 (42.2%)

0.402

Asthma

500 (45.1%)

256 (46.2%)

0.676

110 (51.4%)

22 (46.8%)

41 (41.4%)

38 (46.3%)

42 (41.2%)

0.372

Ischemic heart disease

348 (31.4%)

151 (27.3%)

0.082

58 (27.1%)

11 (23.4%)

23 (23.2%)

22 (26.8%)

35 (34.3%)

0.446

Cerebrovascular disease

418 (37.7%)

206 (37.2%)

0.829

67 (31.3%)

17 (36.2%)

48 (48.5%)

21 (25.6%)

49 (48.0%)

0.001

Cardiovascular disease

586 (52.9%)

285 (51.4%)

0.578

99 (46.3%)

23 (48.9%)

60 (60.6%)

34 (41.5%)

64 (62.8%)

0.007

Chronic renal disease

363 (32.8%)

176 (31.8%)

0.684

56 (26.2%)

15 (31.9%)

38 (38.4%)

24 (29.3%)

41 (40.2%)

0.071

GERD

359 (32.4%)

176 (31.8%)

0.795

63 (29.4%)

13 (27.7%)

21 (21.2%)

31 (37.8%)

42 (41.2%)

0.021

Osteoporosis

272 (24.6%)

141 (25.5%)

0.688

52 (24.3%)

10 (21.3%)

21 (21.2%)

24 (29.3%)

31 (30.4%)

0.483

CGMH institutes

<0.001

0.002

Keelung

182 (16.4%)

118 (21.3%)

51 (23.8%)

11 (23.4%)

15 (15.2%)

9 (10.9%)

31 (30.4%)

Linkou and Taipei

392 (35.4%)

236 (42.6%)

85 (39.7%)

25 (53.2%)

47 (47.5%)

40 (48.8%)

34 (33.3%)

Chiayi

256 (23.1%)

128 (23.1%)

39 (18.2%)

7 (14.9%)

27 (27.3%)

20 (24.4%)

31 (30.4%)

Kaohsiung

245 (22.1%)

70 (12.6%)

38 (17.8%)

3 (6.4%)

10 (10.1%)

13 (15.9%)

6 (5.9%)

Yunlin

33 (2.9%)

2 (0.4%)

1 (0.5%)

1 (2.1%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)