The incidence of fungal infections is increasing because of a rising number of immunocompromised patients, widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and invasive devices or procedures [1–3]. Although Candida albicans remains the most frequently isolated yeast pathogen, other Candida species such as C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis are emerging as opportunistic pathogens and these species are reported to be less susceptible than C. albicans to antifungal agents [4–6]. C. parapsilosis has become the second most frequently recovered Candida species from blood cultures in Europe, Canada, and Latin America and ranked third in the United States [7, 8]. For these reasons, yeast infections require rapid diagnosis and early adapted antifungal therapy.

Ideally, laboratories should be able to detect and identify the major Candida species in clinical specimens [9]. Most laboratories start the yeast identification process with the germ tube test and continue with more extensive testing. Reference identification procedures that use biochemical and morphological studies are not often practical for the clinical laboratory because they are labor intensive and take several days. The conventional methods of yeast identification which mainly consist of assimilation/fermentation characteristics are reported to be cumbersome and often beyond the expertise range in non-specialized clinical microbiology laboratories [10]. Packaged kit systems and automated systems are widely used, but they are expensive and are limited by the size of their databases [11].

The importance of identifying the pathogen as quickly as possible has encouraged the development of differential media for the presumptive identification of yeasts. Several chromogenic media for isolation and identification of Candida species are available [12]. These media are based on the formation of various colored colonies with different morphology which result from the cleavage of chromogenic substrates by species specific enzymes [13]. In this study, the performance of two differential media, CHROMagar Candida (CA) and bismuth sulphite glucose glycine yeast (BiGGY) agar were evaluated for the identification of yeast species in comparison with the standard methods.

CA and BiGGY agar are two chromogenic media which allow the presumptive differentiation of yeasts. CA contains various substrates for the enzymes of yeast species. It has been demonstrated that β-N-acetylgalactosaminidase which was produced by C. albicans enables the chromogenic substrates to be incorporated into the medium and the isolates of these species were seen as green colored colonies [16]. BiGGY agar contains bismuth sulphite and the growth on this medium produces brown to black colonies because of the extracellular reduction of bismuth sulphite to bismuth sulphide.

CA is reported to give green colonies of C. albicans and blue colonies of C. tropicalis. In this study 168 of 169 C. albicans isolates grew as distinctive light green colonies on CA, only one isolate was seen as off white colonies. Although we didn't have any C. dubliniensis isolates, differentiation of this species from C. albican s seems to be a problem in CA. Tintelnot et al [17] and Willinger et al [18] reported that some of C. dubliniensis isolates yielded a dark green color. It has been suggested that dark bluish-green coloration might be taken as an indication of the presence of C. dubliniensis but could not be used as a criteria for identification. Jabra-Rizk et al [18] compared the results of original CA and newly reformulated CA for these two species. They concluded that the difference in colony color between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis was slightly more enchanced on the new CA. They, in accordance with Pfaller et al. [9] suggested that the dark green color was detected to be more pronounced if the plates were incubated longer than 48 h.

We obtained the sensitivity and specificity of CA for C. albicans as 99.4 and 100%. Our results are in parallel with various studies at which these values were found to be 97–100% and 100% [14, 20–25].

Thirty two of 33 C. tropicalis strains produced blue-violet, smooth (S type) colonies with halo diffusing into the surrounding agar on CA. One strain was observed as dark pink colonies. It has been reported that some strains of Pichia spp. gave an identical appearance [14]. However; San-Millan et al. [23] emphasized that they didn't observe this appearance in their study. The same authors also found false positive results due to S. cerevisiae isolates. This may be true due to the fact that dark pink colonies with halo may resemble C. tropicalis colonies on CA. We had only one S. cerevisiae isolate and its color was somewhat different from blue-purple color of C. tropicalis. The sensitivity and specificity calculated for C. tropicalis was 97 and 100%. The results of this study are in agreement with those described by many authors whose sensitivity and specificity rates ranged between 66.7–99.0% and 93.8–100%, respectively [14, 20, 22–24].

Rapid identification of C. krusei and C. glabrata isolates with chromogenic media has a special importance because C. glabrata is less sensitive than other species to ketoconazole and fluconazole and C. krusei exhibits innate resistance to fluconazole [26]. All our C. krusei isolates produced rough, fuzzy, spreading, big pink colonies on CA. Cooke et al. [27] reported that the usefulness of colony color in identification of C. krusei appeared to be limited as several other yeasts gave pink and purple colonies on this medium. Our findings are in contrast with the authors' in the fact that although there are many yeast species giving the same colony color, the morphology of the colonies of C. krusei are distinctly different (fuzzy, rough, large, pink). Odds and Bernaerts [14]. proposed that C. krusei like colonies are also formed by isolates of C. norvegensis. This is an important point to remember however, this species is very rarely encountered in clinical specimens. The sensitivity and specificity we obtained for this species was 100%. These values are concordant with the reults of many studies [14, 22, 23].

In this study, twenty of C. glabrata isolates produced pink, glossy colonies with pale edges but 4 of them were grown as off white-cream colonies. Pfaller et al [9] and Willinger et al [24] concluded that CA also allowed the identification of C. glabrata however other authors showed that many other species such as C. kefyr, C. lusitaniae, C. guilliermondii, C. famata, C. rugosa, C. utilis, Cryptococcus neoformans, S. cerevisiae produced similar colonies which might lead to a high degree of confusion [11, 14, 16, 28]. In our study many other species also produced the same color with C. glabrata which is very confusing, however, it would be more helpful if special attention is given to the existence of pale edges on the pink colonies. Most of the C. glabrata strains showed this property in our study.

The isolates of C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr and C. lusitaniae had various tones from off white to pink on CA. These colors were difficult to define because they were similar pastel tones and they were not typical for any species.

Most of the C. albicans strains showed light brown while 13 and 20 of C. tropicalis isolates produced light and dark brown color when grown on BiGGY agar. It was hard to differentiate the colors of these two species. In our study two species showed typical, distinctive appearance on BiGGY agar. One was C. krusei which produced typical large, rough, dark brown colonies with surrounding yellow zone and the other was C. parapsilosis which grew as light brown-geenish, gray, cream colored colonies. C. glabrata strains grew weakly on BiGGY agar after 48 hours. Brown color was only observed at the first streaks of the cultures, where the colonies were very crowded. Other areas especially single colonies were very small and colorless. The sensitivity and specificity were detected as 87.0 and 75.2% for C. albicans, 66.6 and 95.4% for C. tropicalis and 100% for C. krusei. To our knowledge, a study related to the efficacy of BiGGY agar was not reported in the literature.

Odds and Bernaerts [14] emphasized that these chromogenic media were not proposed as substitutes for thorough identification protocols. They can be used alone or with some other identification procedures for rapid identification and diagnosis in Clinical Microbiology laboratories. When the current price of both media were compared, the estimated cost of one liter of CA medium was calculated to be 7.7 times of the same amount of BiGGY agar. This difference may be offset by further identification costs for BiGGY agar.

As a result, it can be concluded that the use of CA is an easy and reliable method for the presumptive identification of most commonly isolated Candida species especially C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. krusei. The lower sensitivity and specificity of BiGGY agar to identify commonly isolated Candida species potentially limits the clinical usefulness of this agar.