Antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: a 5-year retrospective analysis at a multi-hospital healthcare system in Saudi Arabia

Table 1 Antimicrobial susceptibility rates found in gram-positive bacteria causing healthcare-associated infections in three HMG facilities in Saudi Arabia (2015–2019)

Staphylococcus aureus	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 903 isolates)			(N = 666 isolates)			(N = 940 isolates)			(N = 1,122 isolates)			(N = 1,222 isolates)			(N = 4,853 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	191	64	33.5	131	52	39.7	169	93	55	157	87	55.4	222	63	28.4	870	359	41.3	0.828
CLX	677	544	80.4	444	331	74.5	797	656	82.3	747	679	90.9	887	735	82.9	3552	2945	82.9	0.649
CTN	230	109	47.4	209	89	42.6	266	134	50.4	266	154	57.9	252	161	63.9	1223	647	52.9	0.937
CIP	664	457	68.8	446	321	72	671	498	74.2	511	453	88.6	548	487	88.9	2840	2216	78	0.993
LVX	389	288	74	228	169	74.1	552	426	77.2	588	532	90.5	700	627	89.6	2457	2042	83.1	0.864
DCN	322	153	47.5	155	87	56.1	181	93	51.4	258	124	48.1	192	139	72.4	1108	596	53.8	0.983
TCN	514	305	59.3	489	423	86.5	891	838	94.1	1001	989	98.8	1201	1079	89.8	4096	3634	88.7	0.335
GMN	888	819	92.2	641	582	90.8	889	871	98	1022	955	93.4	1193	1098	92	4633	4325	93.4	0.775
EMN	722	696	96.4	558	473	84.8	791	740	93.6	971	813	83.7	991	929	93.7	4033	3651	90.5	0.659
CMN	804	780	97	576	513	89.1	896	871	97.2	1103	967	87.7	1187	1071	90.2	4566	4202	92	0.697
NFT	441	317	71.9	334	207	62	454	371	81.7	454	321	70.7	345	266	77.1	2028	1482	73.1	0.712
TMP-SMZ	595	463	77.8	591	524	88.7	865	819	94.7	1022	947	92.7	1201	996	82.9	4274	3749	87.7	0.542
LZD	903	903	100	641	625	97.5	790	773	97.8	1110	1003	90.4	1100	1076	97.8	4544	4380	96.4	0.931
VMN	901	895	99.3	651	624	95.9	938	931	99.3	1113	1109	99.6	1200	1181	98.4	4803	4740	98.7	0.721

MRSA	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 359 isolates)			(N = 335 isolates)			(N = 284 isolates)			(N = 443 isolates)			(N = 310 isolates)			(N = 1,731 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	90	13	14.4	44	8	18.2	51	7	13.7	74	15	20.3	69	21	30.4	328	64	19.5	0.814
CLX	116	72	62.1	147	86	58.5	147	81	55.1	311	138	44.4	290	141	48.6	1011	518	51.2	0.963
CTN	11	7	63.6	33	9	27.3	64	13	20.3	67	11	16.4	50	8	16	225	48	21.3	0.956
CIP	190	141	74.2	187	112	59.9	229	108	47.2	401	198	49.4	301	245	81.4	1308	804	61.5	0.924
LVX	55	31	56.4	99	46	46.5	187	75	40.1	366	131	35.8	260	115	44.2	967	398	41.2	0.693
DCN	222	110	49.5	189	122	64.6	280	141	50.4	410	191	46.6	307	154	50.2	1408	718	51	0.964
TCN	141	101	71.6	211	118	55.9	179	108	60.3	440	251	57	303	271	89.4	1274	849	66.6	0.860
GMN	291	121	41.6	277	129	46.6	151	116	76.8	432	216	50	300	284	94.7	1451	866	59.7	0.888
EMN	144	91	63.2	177	102	57.6	111	97	87.4	331	176	53.2	271	232	85.6	1034	698	67.5	0.878
CMN	220	93	42.3	254	113	44.5	161	108	67.1	411	203	49.4	300	264	88	1346	781	58	0.838
NFT	181	117	64.6	311	213	68.5	281	241	85.8	441	399	90.5	308	287	93.2	1522	1257	82.6	0.346
TMP-SMZ	233	88	37.8	268	114	42.5	229	108	47.2	409	201	49.1	290	227	78.3	1429	738	51.6	0.892
LZD	241	118	49	264	138	52.3	223	123	55.2	439	251	57.2	299	175	58.5	1466	805	54.9	0.974
VMN	299	121	40.5	285	138	48.4	258	123	47.7	440	251	57	305	175	57.4	1587	808	50.9	0.975

CoNS	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 543 isolates)			(N = 276 isolates)			(N = 351 isolates)			(N = 426 isolates)			(N = 424 isolates)			(N = 2,020 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	190	31	16.3	177	21	11.9	166	33	19.9	291	42	14.4	348	51	14.7	1172	178	15.2	0.948
CLX	164	88	53.7	190	64	33.7	289	96	33.2	408	146	35.8	333	114	34.2	1384	508	36.7	0.936
CTN	491	263	53.6	270	239	99.6	340	301	88.5	420	364	86.7	409	373	91.2	1930	1570	81.3	0.962
CIP	277	122	44	257	124	48.2	300	94	31.3	360	129	35.8	340	170	50	1534	639	41.7	0.991
LVX	130	46	35.4	211	56	26.5	288	142	49.3	420	173	41.2	211	85	40.3	1260	502	39.8	0.903
DCN	511	336	65.8	271	261	96.3	349	313	89.7	410	378	92.2	420	381	90.7	1961	1669	85.1	0.951
TCN	499	169	33.9	270	211	78.1	333	283	85	420	316	75.2	424	378	89.2	1946	1357	69.7	0.930
GMN	538	292	54.3	255	176	69	348	269	77.3	418	320	76.6	420	327	77.9	1979	1384	69.9	0.982
EMN	333	95	28.5	116	51	44	270	83	30.7	339	106	31.3	198	98	49.5	1256	433	34.5	0.966
CMN	531	255	48	266	156	58.6	269	235	87.4	399	282	70.7	339	293	86.4	1804	1221	67.7	0.981
NFT	170	77	45.3	233	99	42.5	331	225	68	411	250	60.8	400	344	86	1545	995	64.4	0.819
TMP-SMZ	369	153	41.5	276	199	72.1	350	298	85.1	400	349	87.3	407	327	80.3	1802	1326	73.6	0.831
LZD	541	535	98.9	276	273	98.9	351	351	100	426	426	100	424	424	100	2018	2009	99.6	0.967
VMN	543	537	98.9	276	276	100	351	351	100	426	426	100	424	424	100	2020	2014	99.7	0.968

Enterococcus species	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 481 isolates)			(N = 370 isolates)			(N = 447 isolates)			(N = 411 isolates)			(N = 557 isolates)			(N = 2266 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	460	305	66.3	330	252	76.4	422	378	89.6	377	318	84.4	533	508	95.3	2122	1761	83	0.539
CLX	469	280	59.7	340	299	87.9	430	364	84.7	388	381	98.2	499	433	86.8	2126	1757	82.6	0.618
CTN	281	61	21.7	277	79	28.5	414	110	26.6	350	124	35.4	444	151	34	1766	525	29.7	0.850
CIP	369	164	44.4	299	127	42.5	398	169	42.5	322	111	34.5	471	97	20.6	1859	668	35.9	0.965
LVX	379	243	64.1	310	182	58.7	441	305	69.2	401	275	68.6	333	188	56.5	1864	1193	64	0.928
DCN	244	32	13.1	177	20	11.3	288	44	15.3	200	59	29.5	347	67	19.3	1256	222	17.7	0.812
TCN	201	32	15.9	222	40	18	333	203	61	190	92	48.4	500	143	28.6	1446	510	35.3	0.213
GMN	298	113	37.9	191	76	39.8	430	123	28.6	310	152	49	499	183	36.7	1728	647	37.4	0.972
EMN	411	145	35.3	301	42	14	357	153	42.9	188	53	28.2	331	65	19.6	1588	458	28.8	0.824
CMN	177	28	15.8	191	45	23.6	299	61	20.4	191	77	40.3	189	81	42.9	1047	292	27.9	0.506
NFT	322	116	36	355	300	84.5	438	393	89.7	391	364	93.1	541	482	89.1	2047	1655	80.9	0.306
TMP-SMZ	280	63	22.5	339	276	81.4	409	291	71.1	336	273	81.3	534	376	70.4	1898	1279	67.4	0.646
LZD	481	470	97.7	370	370	100	447	447	100	411	411	100	557	556	99.8	2266	2254	99.5	0.874
VMN	481	237	49.3	370	361	97.6	440	435	98.9	410	364	88.8	550	537	97.6	2251	1934	85.9	0.517

Overall	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 2286 isolates)			(N = 1647 isolates)			(N = 2022 isolates)			(N = 2402 isolates)			(N = 2513 isolates)			(N = 10,870 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	931	413	44.4	682	333	48.8	808	511	63.2	899	462	51.4	1172	643	54.9	4492	2362	52.6	0.971
CLX	1426	984	69	1121	780	69.6	1663	1197	72	1854	1344	72.5	2009	1423	70.8	8073	5728	71	0.874
CTN	1013	440	43.4	789	446	56.5	1084	558	51.5	1103	653	59.2	1155	693	60	5144	2790	54.2	0.933
CIP	1500	884	58.9	1189	684	57.5	1598	869	54.4	1594	891	55.9	1660	999	60.2	7541	4327	57.4	0.969
LVX	953	608	63.8	848	453	53.4	1468	948	64.6	1775	1111	62.6	1504	1015	67.5	6548	4135	63.1	0.610
DCN	1299	631	48.6	792	490	61.9	1098	591	53.8	1278	752	58.8	1266	741	58.5	5733	3205	55.9	0.939
TCN	1355	607	44.8	1192	792	66.4	1736	1432	82.5	2051	1648	80.4	2428	1871	77.1	8762	6350	72.5	0.556
GMN	2015	1345	66.7	1364	963	70.6	1818	1379	75.9	2182	1643	75.3	2412	1892	78.4	9791	7222	73.8	0.905
EMN	1610	1027	63.8	1152	668	58	1529	1073	70.2	1829	1148	62.8	1791	1324	73.9	7911	5240	66.2	0.965
CMN	1732	1156	66.7	1287	827	64.3	1625	1275	78.5	2104	1529	72.7	2015	1709	84.8	8763	6496	74.1	0.922
NFT	1114	627	56.3	1233	819	66.4	1504	1230	81.8	1697	1334	78.6	1594	1379	86.5	7142	5389	75.5	0.032
TMP-SMZ	1477	767	51.9	1474	1113	75.5	1853	1516	81.8	2167	1770	81.7	2432	1926	79.2	9403	7092	75.4	0.595
LZD	2166	2026	93.5	1551	1406	90.7	1811	1694	93.5	2386	2091	87.6	2380	2231	93.7	10,294	9448	91.8	0.875
VMN	2224	1790	80.5	1582	1399	88.4	1987	1849	92.6	2389	2163	90	2479	2357	93.5	10,661	9558	89.1	0.901

N Number of pathogens causing healthcare-associated infections, T number of tested isolates, S number of susceptible pathogens, S (%) percentage of susceptible pathogens, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, CoNS coagulase-negative staphylococci, AMP ampicillin, CLX cloxacillin, CTN cefoxitin, CIP ciprofloxacin, LVX levofloxacin, NFT nitrofurantoin, EMN erythromycin, CMN clindamycin, TMP-SMZ trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, GMN gentamicin, DCN doxycycline, TCN tetracycline, VMN vancomycin, LZD linezolid
*Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for resistance trend

ISSN: 1476-0711