Table 1 Recent studies used phage therapy to inhibit the most common uropathogenic bacteria

Enterobacter cloacae

MDR

E-2, E-3 and E-4 were isolated from waste water

The growth of the bacteria was inhibited by the three phages. Notably, the use of cocktails with two or three phages was significantly more effective than each one alone. In urine, the inactivation was still effective

[65]

Enterococcus faecalis

Clinical isolates

vB_EfaS_GEC-EfS_3 (Siphoviridae) isolated from sewage

While phage was able to infect a broad range of strains of the same species as the host species from which they were isolated, they were unable to infect other host species tested

[66]

Enterococcus faecalis

VRE

vB_EfaS_HEf13 (genus Sap6virus in the family Siphoviridae) was collected from a local sewerage system

The lytic activity of phage HEf13 at various multiplicities of infection consistently inhibited the growth of diverse clinical isolates of E. faecalis without any lysogenic process

[67]

Streptococcus  mitis

Clinical isolates

vB_SmM_GEC-SmitisM_2 (Myoviridae) isolated from sewage

This phage was able to productively infect 9 of 16 S. mitis strains, but none of the other species in our collection

[66]

Staphylococcus  saprophyticus

MDR Clinical isolates

vB_SsapS-104 (Siphoviridae) was isolated from hospital wastewater

This phage represented high anti-bacterial activities against S. saprophyticus isolates in vitro, as it was able to lyse 8 of the 9 clinical isolates (88.8%). Notably, no lytic activity was observed on some other pathogenic bacteria tested

[68]