Table 2 Pipeline of major COVID-19 vaccines in clinical trials
From: COVID-19 vaccine development: What lessons can we learn from TB?
Vaccine name | Vaccine type | Clinical phase | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
INO-4800 | DNA | I/II | Synthetic DNA vaccine targeting SARS-CoV S protein [55] |
RBD-dimer | Recombinant subunit | II | Beta-CoV vaccine against beta coronaviruses [56] |
CTII-nCoV | Adenovirus-vector | II | Adenovirus vector encodes for full-length S protein [58] |
BNT162 | mRNA | III | Four vaccine candidates include:  BNT62a1 and BNT62b1: contain nucleoside modified RNA,  BNT162b2: uridine containing mRNA, and  BNT162c2: using self-amplifying mRNA. Each is composed of S protein and combined with a lipid nanoparticle formulation [57] |
mRNA-1273 | mRNA | III | Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine encoding full length S protein [59] |
Ad26COVS1 | Adenovirus-vector | III | Replication deficient adenovirus type 5 vector expressing S protein [60] |
AZD1222 | Adenovirus-vector | III | Chimpanzee adenovirus vector expressing S glycoprotein [61] |
CoronaVac | Inactivated virus | III | Adsorbed COVID-19 (inactivated) vaccine [62] |
BBIBP-CorV | Inactivated virus | III | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 HB02 strain [63] |