Table 2 Some studies using phage therapy to inhibit the biofilm of the most important bacterial pathogens

Acinetobacter baumannii

XDR A. baumannii

Phage AB1801

This phage inhibited biofilm formation and reduced preformed biofilms in a dose-dependent manner

[70]

MDR A. baumannii

Phage lysin PlyF307

Treatment with PlyF307 was able to significantly reduce planktonic and biofilm of A. baumannii, both in vitro and in vivo

[71]

A. baumannii strain AIIMS 7

Lytic bacteriophageAB7-IBB1

The phage affected A. baumannii biofilm formation on an abiotic (polystyrene) and biotic (human embryonic kidney 293 cell line) surface

[72]

Clinical isolate of A. baumannii strain AIIMS 7

Phage AB7-IBB2

The phage could inhibit A. baumannii biofilm formation and disrupt preformed biofilm as well

[73]

Klebsiella pneumoniae

P DR K. pneumonia UA168

The phage KP168

After 48 h of co-cultivation of this phage and the host bacteria at each MOI, the inhibition rates of biofilm were similar, with an average of about 45%

[74]

MDR K. pneumonia

Depolymerase Encoded by

Bacteriophage SH-KP152226

This enzyme showed specific enzymatic activities in the depolymerization of the K. pneumoniae capsule and was able to significantly inhibit biofilm formation and/or degrade formed biofilms

[75]

An environmental isolate of K. pneumoniae ShA2 strain

TSK1 bacteriophage

Post-treatment with TSK1 against different age K. pneumoniae biofilms reduced 85–100% biofilm biomass. Pre-treatment of TSK1 bacteriophage against the biofilm of K. pneumoniae reduced > 99% biomass in the initial 24 h of incubation

[76]

MDR K. pneumoniae KP/01

Bacteriophage ZCKP1

This phage reduced bacterial counts and biofilm biomass (> 50%) when applied at a high multiplicity of infection (50 PFU/CFU)

[77]

A clinical strain of K. pneumoniae

Bacteriophage Z

Phage Z reduced biofilm biomass twofold and threefold after 24 and 48 h, respectively

[78]

Staphylococcus aureus

MRSA

UPMK_1 and UPMK_2 phages

Both bacteriophages were able to destroy biofilms using their lytic enzymes

[79]

MRSA and MSSA

Bacteriophage CSA13

This bacteriophage removed over 78% and 93% of MSSA and MRSA biofilms in an experimental setting, respectively

[80]

MRSA ATCC 43,300

Bacteriophage Sb-1

This phage showed a synergistic effect with antibiotics on eradicating MRSA biofilm, direct killing activity on ≈ 5 × 105 CFU/mL persisters cells, and degraded MRSA polysaccharide matrix

[81]

Escherichia coli

E. coli MG1655 and MDR UPEC strain 390G7

Bacteriophage vB_EcoP-EG1

vB_EcoP-EG1eliminated biofilm of these bacteria. The median biofilm biomass reduction was about 60% and 50% for E. coli MG1655 and for clinical isolate 390G7 after 24 h, respectively

[82]

E. coli TG1

T3 bacteriophage

T3 at lower bacteriophage titers (10³ PFU/ml) inhibited the production of biofilm

[83]

E. coli 30

vB_EcoM-UFV017 (EcoM017)

This phage reduced the bacterial growth and the quantity of biofilm formed by E. coli in 90.0% and 87.5%, respectively

[84]

Enterococcus faecalis

E. faecalis clinical strains

vB_EfaH_EF1TV

This phage infected E. faecalis and degraded biofilm formed by this bacterium

[85]

VRE E. faecalis

Vancomycin-phage EFLK1

This phage, in combination with vancomycin, was synergistically effective against VRE planktonic and biofilm cultures

[86]

E. faecalis and Enterococcus clinical isolates

vB_EfaS-Zip and vB_EfaP-Max

The cocktail of these phages reduced 2 and 1 log CFU/mL E. faecalis load in biofilms formed in the wound after 3 and 6 h of treatment, respectively, and significantly reduced cell concentration in dual-species biofilm

[87]