Fig. 1

CD4 T cell counts and viral loads over time in subjects showing detection of HIV nucleic acid in urine samples and plasma. Y-axis left: CD4 (cells/μl), black dotted line; Y-axis right: viral load (log₁₀ copies/ml), red line. Subject IDs: Nucleic acid was detected in urine supernatant and pellet samples in all the subjects except Subject 051. In Subject 100, nucleic acid was detected in urine pellet during treatment period including period of virological failure (month 30) and period of undetectable viremia in blood (month 24). BL baseline (enrolment) sample, UP urine pellet, US urine supernatant, P plasma. Positive (Pos) samples are highlighted in green, negative (neg) in grey, ND not determined. Grey-shaded graph regions denote period of antiretroviral therapy