Table 1 Mean [± standard error] zones of clearance (mm) around all the antibiotics for Gram negative bacteria [NM – Not measured
From: Evaluating antibiotics for use in medicine using a poloxamer biofilm model
ANTIBIOTIC | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BACTERIA | Test Method [mm] | Amoxycillin/Clavulanic acid | Ampicillin/Sulbactam | Ampicillin/Sulbactam | Ciprofloxacin | Clindamycin | Erythromycin | Erythromycin | Imipenem | Levofloxacin | Meropenem | Penicillin G |
30 μg | 20 μg | 30 μg | 5 μg | 10 μg | 15 μg | 30 μg | 10 μg | 5 μg | 10 μg | 5 IU | ||
Acinetobacter sp | Agar | 12.80 ± 1.47 | 15.33 ± 0.67 | 15.40 ± 0.81 | 28.27 ± 0.37 | 9.53 ± 1.27 | 15.33 ± 0.75 | 25.27 ± 0.24 | 33.67 ± 2.03 | 27.33 ± 0.94 | 26.53 ± 0.33 | 8.93 ± 0.07 |
Poloxamer | 12.13 ± 0.18 | 13.07 ± 0.07 | 13.27 ± 0.18 | 17.00 ± 0.31 | 8.20 ± 0.00 | 9.73 ± 0.35 | 10.80 ± 0.00 | 18.80 ± 0.40 | 17.00 ± 0.00 | 18.27 ± 0.07 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
Actinobacillus equuli | Agar | 25.87 ± 0.59 | 28.27 ± 0.37 | 29.40 ± 0.60 | 26.73 ± 0.27 | 23.40 ± 0.20 | 20.93 ± 0.59 | 25.20 ± 0.20 | 35.47 ± 0.18 | 27.80 ± 0.20 | 31.33 ± 0.77 | 14.87 ± 0.35 |
Poloxamer | 22.40 ± 0.31 | 22.80 ± 0.40 | 23.67 ± 0.18 | 22.47 ± 0.24 | 11.27 ± 0.18 | 8.00 ± 0.12 | 11.33 ± 0.27 | 25.53 ± 0.18 | 23.13 ± 0.24 | 26.87 ± 0.13 | 18.20 ± 0.12 | |
Aeromonas hydrophilia | Agar | 14.07 ± 0.27 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 7.40 ± 0.00 | 38.60 ± 0.20 | 7.53 ± 0.13 | 21.13 ± 0.13 | 24.07 ± 1.01 | 17.40 ± 0.12 | 36.40 ± 0.00 | 21.53 ± 0.07 | 7.20 ± 0.00 |
Poloxamer | 15.87 ± 0.24 | 7.73 ± 0.13 | 7.73 ± 0.18 | 27.80 ± 0.31 | 9.87 ± 0.13 | 15.53 ± 0.24 | 16.80 ± 0.20 | 16.47 ± 0.27 | 27.13 ± 0.07 | 18.00 ± 0.23 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
Bordetella bronchiseptica | Agar | 31.80 ± 0.20 | 17.73 ± 0.07 | 23.40 ± 0.31 | 32.00 ± 0.31 | 9.27 ± 0.27 | 23.93 ± 0.87 | 26.20 ± 0.23 | 33.60 ± 0.12 | 31.87 ± 0.07 | 46.47 ± 0.24 | 9.73 ± 0.18 |
Poloxamer | 22.67 ± 0.57 | 14.60 ± 0.20 | 16.67 ± 0.13 | 26.20 ± 0.53 | 8.67 ± 0.07 | 14.47 ± 0.29 | 15.87 ± 0.07 | 24.27 ± 0.55 | 25.67 ± 0.24 | 29.73 ± 0.07 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
Enterobacter cloacae | Agar | 10.00 ± 0.12 | 17.80 ± 0.00 | 19.27 ± 0.13 | 32.53 ± 0.29 | 16.33 ± 0.41 | 11.40 ± 0.35 | 11.67 ± 0.07 | 21.27 ± 0.13 | 27.20 ± 0.12 | 33.47 ± 0.71 | 7.40 ± 0.00 |
Poloxamer | 9.73 ± 0.18 | 11.00 ± 0.20 | 12.20 ± 0.12 | 21.73 ± 0.13 | 9.53 ± 0.18 | 9.40 ± 0.20 | 10.40 ± 0.12 | 18.53 ± 0.35 | 20.40 ± 0.23 | 22.33 ± 0.13 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
Escherichia coli 0117 | Agar | 22.67 ± 0.94 | 23.40 ± 0.23 | 24.40 ± 0.42 | 35.13 ± 0.47 | 28.20 ± 0.23 | 27.40 ± 1.11 | 27.67 ± 0.13 | 28.87 ± 0.24 | 36.00 ± 0.42 | 33.60 ± 0.42 | 10.27 ± 0.44 |
Poloxamer | 14.93 ± 0.13 | 15.40 ± 0.31 | 15.80 ± 0.12 | 24.07 ± 0.07 | 9.20 ± 0.23 | 10.13 ± 0.18 | 11.87 ± 0.13 | 18.87 ± 0.29 | 23.47 ± 0.81 | 19.40 ± 0.35 | 0.73 ± 0.73 | |
Escherichia coli 08 | Agar | 25.00 ± 0.00 | 22.27 ± 0.47 | 24.40 ± 1.60 | 37.93 ± 0.18 | 18.27 ± 0.27 | 18.93 ± 0.53 | 18.80 ± 0.53 | 30.13 ± 0.64 | 35.53 ± 0.37 | 35.47 ± 0.96 | 7.73 ± 0.35 |
Poloxamer | 15.20 ± 0.20 | 16.00 ± 0.12 | 16.33 ± 0.13 | 25.40 ± 0.40 | 7.80 ± 0.31 | 10.03 ± 0.54 | 11.80 ± 1.21 | 20.53 ± 0.18 | 25.27 ± 0.37 | 22.20 ± 0.40 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
Escherichia coli 0157 | Agar | 24.13 ± 0.33 | 24.73 ± 0.74 | 26.13 ± 0.41 | 38.13 ± 0.07 | 8.80 ± 0.53 | 17.40 ± 0.31 | 15.00 ± 0.12 | 27.67 ± 0.13 | 34.53 ± 0.13 | 33.73 ± 0.18 | 8.07 ± 0.27 |
Poloxamer | 16.13 ± 0.13 | 16.33 ± 0.18 | 17.80 ± 0.20 | 24.20 ± 0.23 | 10.27 ± 0.24 | 10.33 ± 0.18 | 11.47 ± 0.07 | 21.07 ± 0.13 | 21.80 ± 0.12 | 21.80 ± 0.20 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
E.coli NCIMB12210 | Agar | 21.80 ± 0.12 | 21.60 ± 0.00 | 22.20 ± 0.00 | 38.20 ± 0.12 | 9.80 ± 0.23 | 12.73 ± 0.07 | 13.60 ± 0.20 | 30.13 ± 0.07 | 36.27 ± 0.13 | 37.93 ± 0.18 | NM |
Poloxamer | 15.80 ± 0.12 | 16.47 ± 0.18 | 17.13 ± 0.24 | 26.40 ± 0.12 | 8.40 ± 0.00 | 11.60 ± 0.23 | 11.87 ± 0.07 | 19.93 ± 0.07 | 23.73 ± 0.27 | 20.60 ± 0.12 | NM | |
Klebsiella sp | Agar | 26.67 ± 0.35 | 21.33 ± 0.13 | 23.33 ± 0.41 | 34.27 ± 0.13 | 7.47 ± 0.18 | 11.87 ± 0.35 | 18.07 ± 0.07 | 28.40 ± 0.50 | 32.40 ± 0.31 | 31.07 ± 0.48 | 7.53 ± 0.33 |
Poloxamer | 14.60 ± 0.20 | 13.80 ± 0.12 | 14.87 ± 0.07 | 24.27 ± 0.27 | 7.20 ± 0.00 | 9.80 ± 0.42 | 11.93 ± 0.35 | 18.20 ± 0.31 | 23.13 ± 0.85 | 18.87 ± 0.18 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
Morganella morganii | Agar | 7.67 ± 0.07 | 15.33 ± 0.07 | 16.93 ± 0.13 | 25.20 ± 0.42 | 12.47 ± 0.18 | 8.07 ± 0.87 | 8.40 ± 0.60 | 19.00 ± 0.23 | 20.47 ± 0.18 | 30.33 ± 0.68 | 7.20 ± 0.00 |
Poloxamer | 9.00 ± 0.20 | 11.40 ± 0.31 | 12.60 ± 0.20 | 17.07 ± 0.44 | 7.27 ± 0.07 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 7.20 ± 0.00 | 17.80 ± 0.12 | 16.53 ± 0.27 | 23.27 ± 0.18 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
Proteus vulgaris | Agar | 24.33 ± 0.33 | 21.47 ± 0.75 | 25.60 ± 0.70 | 41.27 ± 0.64 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 8.73 ± 0.64 | 22.80 ± 1.31 | 36.33 ± 0.70 | 12.53 ± 0.27 | 17.87 ± 1.10 |
Poloxamer | 17.33 ± 0.24 | 17.20 ± 0.60 | 19.00 ± 0.20 | 22.87 ± 1.95 | 11.07 ± 1.27 | 9.47 ± 0.33 | 11.47 ± 0.07 | 15.47 ± 0.35 | 24.27 ± 0.37 | 20.93 ± 0.24 | 13.47 ± 0.27 | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Agar | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 36.47 ± 0.81 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 13.73 ± 0.53 | 14.60 ± 1.03 | 22.60 ± 1.40 | 27.53 ± 0.87 | 33.00 ± 0.69 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Poloxamer | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 20.87 ± 0.07 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 7.20 ± 0.00 | 7.80 ± 0.12 | 16.67 ± 0.35 | 17.03 ± 0.50 | 22.20 ± 0.20 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
P. aeruginosa NCIMB 12469 | Agar | NM | NM | NM | 28.87 ± 0.07 | NM | 7.20 ± 0.00 | 7.40 ± 0.00 | 19.73 ± 0.41 | 21.60 ± 0.12 | 28.27 ± 0.24 | NM |
Poloxamer | NM | NM | NM | 20.73 ± 0.07 | NM | 6.87 ± 0.07 | 7.80 ± 0.12 | 17.40 ± 0.00 | 17.40 ± 0.00 | 22.33 ± 0.24 | NM | |