The oral microbiota is a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance: resistome and phenotypic resistance characteristics of oral biofilm in health, caries, and periodontitis

Table 3 Phenotypic testing (Etest method) for antibiotic resistance of cultured isolates from H, C, and P

Species	Number of isolates resistant to resp. antibiotic																Total number of isolates in resp. group
Species	TET	CEF	MET	CIP	ERY	AZI	CLI	PEN	FOS	MOX	AMP	GENT	TIG	COL	VAN	MER	All	H	C	P
S. oralis	28	6	nd	104	37	nd	9	0	nd	0	3	104	0	nd	0	0	104	38	31	35
V. parvula	11	nd	70	nd	nd	nd	0	64	nd	24	43	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	100	37	29	34
A. oris	0	0	nd	89	1	nd	3	0	nd	5	0	14	0	nd	0	0	99	35	29	35
F. nucleatum	0	nd	3	nd	nd	nd	1	15	nd	2	16	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	97	40	27	30
N. macacae/mucosa	30	66	nd	7	86	86	85	nd	3	nd	2	50	22	1	nd	0	86	30	25	31
P. nigrescens	22	nd	3	nd	nd	nd	14	31	nd	17	30	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	84	25	29	30
C. ochraceae	1	19	nd	6	22	34	3	nd	66	nd	0	78	1	80	nd	0	81	31	19	31
E. corrodens	12	44	nd	1	63	53	75	nd	29	nd	3	56	17	11	nd	0	75	23	22	30
S. anginosus	9	1	nd	42	12	nd	4	0	nd	0	0	61	0	nd	0	0	61	10	18	33
P. micra	0	nd	2	nd	nd	nd	9	2	nd	6	3	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	59	16	8	35
L. saburreum	44	nd	2	nd	nd	nd	0	2	nd	57	0	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	57	21	26	10
S. mutans	0	0	nd	39	0	nd	0	0	nd	0	0	38	0	nd	0	0	41	1	30	10
S. intermedius	4	0	nd	12	5	nd	2	0	nd	0	0	20	0	nd	0	0	20	16	4	nd
P. gingivalis	0	nd	0	nd	nd	nd	4	0	nd	1	0	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	14	0	0	14
S. constellatus	3	0	nd	3	2	nd	1	1	nd	0	0	8	0	nd	1	0	8	2	3	3
A. actino^*	0	0	nd	0	1	0	2	nd	1	nd	0	4	0	0	nd	0	7	0	0	7
S. gordonii	0	0	nd	1	0	nd	0	0	nd	0	0	2	0	nd	0	0	2	0	0	2
S. infantis	0	0	nd	1	0	nd	0	0	nd	0	0	1	0	nd	0	0	1	0	0	1
S. mitis	0	0	nd	1	0	nd	0	0	nd	0	0	1	0	nd	0	0	1	0	0	1

Resistant isolates of resp. bacterial species, total number of isolates, and numbers of isolates in H, C, and P
TET tetracycline, CEF cefuroxime, MET metronidazole, CIP ciprofloxacin, ERY erythromycin, AZI azithromycin, CLI clindamycin, PEN penicillin, FOS fosfomycin, MOX moxifloxacin, AMP ampicillin, GEN gentamycin, TIG tigecycline, COL colistin, VAN vancomycin, MER meropenem
^*A. actino Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
^**nd not determined, meaning testing this antibiotic was not appropriate or relevant for the resp. species due to its metabolism or other characteristics

ISSN: 1476-0711