Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the subjects in different groups
Index* | Control group (n = 1005) | Antibiotic exposed group (n = 1135) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Characteristics Age at childbirth(years) | 30.73 ± 3.51 | 29.89 ± 3.42 | 0.668 |
Height (cm) | 162.97 ± 4.77 | 163.14 ± 5.09 | 0.714 |
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 57.07 ± 8.88 | 57.25 ± 8.24 | 0.344 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.49 ± 3.28 | 21.51 ± 3.09 | 0.985 |
Pre-pregnancy overweight (Yes, %) | 182 (18.11) | 204 (17.97) | 0.955 |
Pre-pregnancy obesity (Yes, %) | 31 (3.08) | 34 (3.00) | 0.900 |
Prenatal weight (kg) | 71.16 ± 3.17 | 72.03 ± 4.19 | 0.854 |
Prenatal BMI (kg/m2) | 26.79 ± 5.04 | 27.06 ± 2.36 | 0.652 |
Weight gain (kg) | 14.09 ± 4.43 | 14.78 ± 4.36 | 0.688 |
BMI gain (kg/m2) | 5.31 ± 1.34 | 5.55 ± 1.05 | 0.408 |
Education (n, %) Bachelor degree or above | 753 (74.92) | 788 (69.43) | 0.073 |
High school | 203 (20.20) | 318 (28.02) | |
Middle school and below | 49 (4.88) | 29 (2.55) | |
Medical History during the pregnancy (Yes, %) Hypertension | 41 (4.08) | 34 (3.00) | 0.195 |
Diabetes | 27 (2.69) | 35 (3.08) | 0.608 |
Hypothyroidism | 17 (1.69) | 21 (1.85) | 0.870 |
Anemia | 305 (30.35) | 309 (27.23) | 0.114 |
Respiratory infection | 91 (9.05) | 114 (10.04) | 0.462 |
Digestive system diseases | 12 (1.19) | 16 (1.41) | 0.707 |
Allergic diseases | 30 (2.99) | 27 (2.38) | 0.421 |
Antibiotic exposure during the pregnancy (Yes, %) | 144 (14.33) | 171 (15.07) | 0.669 |
Infant Characteristics Sex (Boy, %) | 532 (52.94) | 585 (51.54) | 0.647 |
Gestational age (Week) | 39.18 ± 1.13 | 39.23 ± 1.08 | 0.612 |
Mode of delivery (Natural birth, %) | 672 (66.87) | 741 (65.29) | 0.708 |
Breast-feeding duration (n, %) Less than 3 month | 38 (3.78) | 47 (4.14) | 0.842 |
3 to 6 months | 276 (27.46) | 314 (27.67) | |
6 to 12 months | 486 (48.36) | 532 (46.87) | |
≥ 12 months | 205 (20.40) | 242 (21.32) | |
Introduction to solid foods (n, %) <6 month | 287 (28.56) | 376 (33.13) | 0.052 |
≥ 6 month | 718 (71.44) | 759 (66.87) |