Phytochemical | Bacteria | Mechanism of action | MIC of plant compound | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Compound | ||||
Flavonoids | Glabrol | MRSA | Bacterial cell membrane disruption and dissipation of proton motive force | – | [244] |
 | Datiscetin, | S. aureus | Interfere with the synthesis of DNA and ribosomal RNA synthesis | – | [245] |
 | Morin, |  |  |  |  |
 | Quercetagetin, |  |  |  |  |
 | Robinetin, |  |  |  |  |
 | Myricetin, |  |  |  |  |
 | Galangin, |  |  |  |  |
 | Kaempferol, |  |  |  |  |
 | Fisetin, |  |  |  |  |
 | Quercetin, |  |  |  |  |
 | Dihydrorbinetin |  |  |  |  |
 | Norwogonin | A. baumannii | – | 128 μg/mL | |
 | Baicalein |  | – | – |  |
 | Baicalin |  | – | – |  |
 | Luteolin |  | Protein leakage from bacterial cell | – | [260] |
 | Isoorientin |  |  |  | |
 | Epicatechin gallate |  | – | – | |
Quinones | Haloemodins | MRSA and VRE | Inhibition of DNA gyrase | – | [224] |
 | Anthraquinone | B. anthracis | – | 130 μg/μL | [302] |
Alkaloids | Tomatidine | Bacillus sp. Staphylococcus sp., Listeria sp. | Inhibition of ATP synthase activity | – – | |
 | Berberine | A. baumannii, E. faecalis, S. aureus | – | – | |
 |  | S. pyogenes | – | 30 μg/mL |  |
Organosulfur compounds | Allicin | S. epidermidis, S. agalactiae | Inhibition of Sulfhydryl-dependent enzyme, Inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis | – | [250] |
 | Ajoene | Streproproteus sp., Staphylococcus sp. | Sulfhydryl-dependent enzyme inhibitor | – | [251] |
 | Allyl methyl trisulfide | A. baumannii | – | 3120 μg/mL | [140] |
Phenols | p-Coumaric acid | O. oeni, L. hilgardii | Damage to the cytoplasmic membrane | – | [252] |
 |  | S. aureus, S. pyogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis | – | – | |
 | 3-p-Trans-coumaroyl-2-hydroxyquinic acid | S. aureus | – | – | [254] |
Phenols | Thymol | A. baumannii | – | – | |
 | Epigallocatechin gallate | A. baumannii | – | 312–625 μg/mL | |
 |  | S. aureus | – | 100 μg/mL | |
 | Theaflavin | A. baumannii | – | 256–512 μg/mL | |
 | Paeonol | A. baumannii, E. faecalis, S. aureus | – | – | |
 | Honokiol, | A. baumannii | – | – | |
 | Magnolol |  | – | – |  |
 | Sugiol | S. aureus | – | – | [244] |
 | Rosmarinic acid | A. baumannii | Protein leakage from bacterial cell | 1000 μg/mL | [260] |
 | Sophoraflavanone B | MRSA | Direct interaction with peptidoglycan | – | [261] |
 | Naringenin, Eriodictyol, Taxifolin | E. faecalis | β-Ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) III | – | [262] |
Phenols | Curcumin | S. aureus | Causes leakage of constitutes from cell membrane | – | |
 | A. baumannii | – | 4 μg/mL |  | |
Coumarin | Aegelinol, | S. aureus | DNA gyrase inhibitor | – | [265] |
 | Agasyllin | – | – | ||
 | 4′-senecioiloxyosthol, | B. subtilis | – | – | [250] |
 | Osthole | B. subtilis, S. aureus | – | – |  |
 | Asphodelin A 4′-O-β-D-glucoside, | S. aureus | – | – | [266] |
 | Asphodelin A |  | – |  |  |
Terpene | Farnesol | E. faecium | Cell membrane disturbance | – | [244] |
 | Nerolidol Plaunotol | S. aureus |  | – | [258] |
 | Oleanolic acid | A. baumannii | Protein leakage from bacterial cell | – | [141] |
 | Ursolic acid |  |  | – |  |
 | Dehydroabietic acid | B. anthracis | Inhibits the cellular cytoplasmic entry of anthrax toxin | – | |
 | Celastrol |  | – |  | |
 | Toosendanin |  | – |  | |
Tannins | (4R)-(−)-carvone | L. monocytogenes | – | – |  |
 | (4S)-( +)-carvone | MRSA, MSSA | Cell membrane disturbance | 310 μg/mL | |
 | Carvacrol | A. baumannii | – |  | [140] |
 | Eugenol | A. baumannii |  | 1250 μg/mL | |
 | Cinnamaldehyde | S. aureus | Destabilization of plasma membranes, inhibition of metabolites and bacterial enzymes and deprivation of substrates needed for bacterial growth | – | [145] |
 | Ellagitannins | L. monocytogenes | – | ||
S. aureus | – | ||||
 | Ellagic acid | A. baumannii | – | 250 μg/mL | |
 |  | B. cereus, S. aureus | – | – | [145] |
 | Tannic acid | S. aureus | Cell membrane disturbance | – | |
 | Gallotannins |  |  |  |  |
 | Procyanidins | S. aureus, B. subtilis |  | – |  |
 | Terchebulin | A. baumannii | – | 500 μg/mL | |
 | Chebulagic acid |  | – | 1000 μg/mL |  |
 | Chebulinic acid |  | – | 62.5 μg/mL |  |
 | Corilagin |  | – | 1000 μg/mL |  |
 | Prodelphinidins | S. aureus B. subtilis | Cell membrane disturbance | – | |
 | Prorobinetinidins | – | |||
 | Profisetinidins | B. subtilis | – | – | |
 | Hexahydroxydiphenoyl ester vescalagin | A. baumannii | – | – | |
 |  | S. aureus | – | 62 μg/mL |  |
 |  | B.cereus | – | – |  |
 | Trans-cinnamaldehyde | A. baumannii | – | 310 μg/mL | |
 | Lyoniresinol-3 alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside | A. baumannii | – | – | |
 | E. faecalis | – | – |  | |
 | S. aureus | – | – |  | |
 | Furanosesquiterpenes | A. baumannii | – | 2500 μg/mL | |
 | 4-cymene | S. aureus | – | 1000 μg/mL |