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Table 1 Representative studies on phytochemical constituents generally used for antibacterial activity against B. anthracis and superbug bacteria

From: Antibiotic resistance modifying ability of phytoextracts in anthrax biological agent Bacillus anthracis and emerging superbugs: a review of synergistic mechanisms

Phytochemical

Bacteria

Mechanism of action

MIC of plant compound

References

Class

Compound

Flavonoids

Glabrol

MRSA

Bacterial cell membrane disruption and dissipation of proton motive force

–

[244]

 

Datiscetin,

S. aureus

Interfere with the synthesis of DNA and ribosomal RNA synthesis

–

[245]

 

Morin,

    
 

Quercetagetin,

    
 

Robinetin,

    
 

Myricetin,

    
 

Galangin,

    
 

Kaempferol,

    
 

Fisetin,

    
 

Quercetin,

    
 

Dihydrorbinetin

    
 

Norwogonin

A. baumannii

–

128 μg/mL

[140, 246, 247]

 

Baicalein

 

–

–

 
 

Baicalin

 

–

–

 
 

Luteolin

 

Protein leakage from bacterial cell

–

[260]

 

Isoorientin

   
 

Epicatechin gallate

 

–

–

[231, 248]

Quinones

Haloemodins

MRSA and VRE

Inhibition of DNA gyrase

–

[224]

 

Anthraquinone

B. anthracis

–

130 μg/μL

[302]

Alkaloids

Tomatidine

Bacillus sp.

Staphylococcus sp., Listeria sp.

Inhibition of ATP synthase activity

–

–

[15, 249]

 

Berberine

A. baumannii, E. faecalis, S. aureus

–

–

[36, 139]

  

S. pyogenes

–

30 μg/mL

 

Organosulfur compounds

Allicin

S. epidermidis, S. agalactiae

Inhibition of Sulfhydryl-dependent enzyme, Inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis

–

[250]

 

Ajoene

Streproproteus sp., Staphylococcus sp.

Sulfhydryl-dependent enzyme inhibitor

–

[251]

 

Allyl methyl trisulfide

A. baumannii

–

3120 μg/mL

[140]

Phenols

p-Coumaric acid

O. oeni, L. hilgardii

Damage to the cytoplasmic membrane

–

[252]

  

S. aureus, S. pyogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis

–

–

[140, 253]

 

3-p-Trans-coumaroyl-2-hydroxyquinic acid

S. aureus

–

–

[254]

Phenols

Thymol

A. baumannii

–

–

[140, 255]

 

Epigallocatechin gallate

A. baumannii

–

312–625 μg/mL

[140, 164, 170, 256]

  

S. aureus

–

100 μg/mL

 

Theaflavin

A. baumannii

–

256–512 μg/mL

[40, 248, 257]

 

Paeonol

A. baumannii, E. faecalis, S. aureus

–

–

[244, 247]

 

Honokiol,

A. baumannii

–

–

[244, 259]

 

Magnolol

 

–

–

 
 

Sugiol

S. aureus

–

–

[244]

 

Rosmarinic acid

A. baumannii

Protein leakage from bacterial cell

1000 μg/mL

[260]

 

Sophoraflavanone B

MRSA

Direct interaction with peptidoglycan

–

[261]

 

Naringenin, Eriodictyol, Taxifolin

E. faecalis

β-Ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) III

–

[262]

Phenols

Curcumin

S. aureus

Causes leakage of constitutes from cell membrane

–

[263, 264]

 

A. baumannii

–

4 μg/mL

 

Coumarin

Aegelinol,

S. aureus

DNA gyrase inhibitor

–

[265]

 

Agasyllin

–

–

 

4′-senecioiloxyosthol,

B. subtilis

–

–

[250]

 

Osthole

B. subtilis, S. aureus

–

–

 
 

Asphodelin A 4′-O-β-D-glucoside,

S. aureus

–

–

[266]

 

Asphodelin A

 

–

  

Terpene

Farnesol

E. faecium

Cell membrane disturbance

–

[244]

 

Nerolidol

Plaunotol

S. aureus

 

–

[258]

 

Oleanolic acid

A. baumannii

Protein leakage from bacterial cell

–

[141]

 

Ursolic acid

  

–

 
 

Dehydroabietic acid

B. anthracis

Inhibits the cellular cytoplasmic entry of anthrax toxin

–

[267, 303, 304]

 

Celastrol

 

–

 
 

Toosendanin

 

–

 

Tannins

(4R)-(−)-carvone

L. monocytogenes

–

–

 
 

(4S)-( +)-carvone

MRSA, MSSA

Cell membrane disturbance

310 μg/mL

[138, 268, 269]

 

Carvacrol

A. baumannii

–

 

[140]

 

Eugenol

A. baumannii

 

1250 μg/mL

[140, 270]

 

Cinnamaldehyde

S. aureus

Destabilization of plasma membranes,

inhibition of metabolites and bacterial enzymes and deprivation of substrates needed for bacterial growth

–

[145]

 

Ellagitannins

L. monocytogenes

–

[30, 271]

S. aureus

–

[151, 271]

 

Ellagic acid

A. baumannii

–

250 μg/mL

[140, 246]

  

B. cereus, S. aureus

–

–

[145]

 

Tannic acid

S. aureus

Cell membrane disturbance

–

[30, 271,272,273,274,275,276]

 

Gallotannins

    
 

Procyanidins

S. aureus,

B. subtilis

 

–

 
 

Terchebulin

A. baumannii

–

500 μg/mL

[140, 246]

 

Chebulagic acid

 

–

1000 μg/mL

 
 

Chebulinic acid

 

–

62.5 μg/mL

 
 

Corilagin

 

–

1000 μg/mL

 
 

Prodelphinidins

S. aureus

B. subtilis

Cell membrane disturbance

–

[30, 275, 276]

 

Prorobinetinidins

–

 

Profisetinidins

B. subtilis

–

–

[272, 276]

 

Hexahydroxydiphenoyl ester vescalagin

A. baumannii

–

–

[140, 277, 278]

  

S. aureus

–

62 μg/mL

 
  

B.cereus

–

–

 
 

Trans-cinnamaldehyde

A. baumannii

–

310 μg/mL

[246, 279]

 

Lyoniresinol-3 alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside

A. baumannii

–

–

[140, 247]

 

E. faecalis

–

–

 
 

S. aureus

–

–

 
 

Furanosesquiterpenes

A. baumannii

–

2500 μg/mL

[140, 280]

 

4-cymene

S. aureus

–

1000 μg/mL

[132, 281]