Antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: a 5-year retrospective analysis at a multi-hospital healthcare system in Saudi Arabia

Alhumaid, Saad; Al Mutair, Abbas; Al Alawi, Zainab; Alzahrani, Ahmad J.; Tobaiqy, Mansour; Alresasi, Ahmed M.; Bu-Shehab, Ibrahim; Al-Hadary, Issa; Alhmeed, Naif; Alismail, Mossa; Aldera, Ahmed H.; AlHbabi, Fadhil; Al-Shammari, Haifa; Rabaan, Ali A.; Al-Omari, Awad

doi:10.1186/s12941-021-00450-x

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials

Table 2 Antimicrobial susceptibility rates found in gram-negative bacteria causing healthcare-associated infections in three HMG facilities in Saudi Arabia (2015–2019)

From: Antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: a 5-year retrospective analysis at a multi-hospital healthcare system in Saudi Arabia

Escherichia coli	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 2,481 isolates)			(N = 2,458 isolates)			(N = 2,509 isolates)			(N = 3,085 isolates)			(N = 4,149 isolates)			(N = 14,682 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	1100	761	69.2	1130	793	70.2	1158	803	69.3	1100	987	89.7	1800	1654	91.9	6288	4998	79.5	0.460
AMX/CLA	1920	1679	87.4	2100	1805	86	2103	1874	89.1	2700	2326	86.1	3258	2825	86.7	12,081	10,509	87	0.835
CZN	333	126	37.8	999	841	84.2	666	470	70.6	987	631	63.9	1852	1412	76.2	4837	3480	71.9	0.683
CRX	788	660	83.8	1125	828	73.6	547	378	69.1	981	732	74.6	1987	1505	75.7	5428	4103	75.6	0.911
CFX	1968	819	41.6	645	496	76.9	752	432	57.4	896	772	86.2	879	534	60.8	5140	3053	59.4	0.981
CTM	456	253	55.5	488	282	57.8	456	238	52.2	541	290	53.6	654	274	41.9	2595	1337	51.5	0.920
CTX	2388	1764	73.9	1933	1757	90.9	1901	1610	84.7	2456	2134	86.9	3896	3007	77.2	12,574	10,272	81.7	0.682
CZM	1963	1059	53.9	1025	896	87.4	2005	1113	55.5	1754	1275	72.7	1785	1384	77.5	8532	5727	67.1	0.998
CPM	1347	1007	74.8	1987	1775	89.3	2111	1764	83.6	2666	2158	80.9	3101	2849	91.9	11,212	9553	85.2	0.846
IPM	2477	2451	99	2358	2158	91.5	2430	2395	98.6	3081	3069	99.6	4130	4022	97.4	14,476	14,095	97.4	0.676
MPM	2480	2412	97.3	2400	2238	93.3	2414	2392	99.1	3074	3048	99.2	4099	4022	98.1	14,467	14,112	97.5	0.654
PIP-TZP	2360	2270	96.2	2347	2146	91.4	2456	2322	94.5	2996	2882	96.2	3896	3533	90.7	14,055	13,153	93.6	0.805
TMP-SMZ	1456	1293	88.8	1745	1463	83.8	1736	1249	71.9	1987	1775	89.3	2898	2589	89.3	9822	8369	85.2	0.529
GMN	2223	2128	95.7	2314	2178	94.1	2300	2124	92.3	2965	2742	92.5	3991	3589	89.9	13,793	12,761	92.5	0.726
ACN	2470	2135	86.4	2389	2400	100.5	2490	2414	96.9	3030	3009	99.3	4110	4030	98.1	14,489	13,988	96.5	0.697
CIP	2001	1726	86.3	1999	1804	90.2	1800	1737	96.5	2789	2240	80.3	3008	2951	98.1	11,597	10,458	90.2	0.739
OXN	1136	785	69.1	1107	909	82.1	700	612	87.4	698	548	78.5	687	442	64.3	4328	3296	76.2	0.967
LVX	1147	785	68.4	1165	918	78.8	565	438	77.5	1365	1016	74.4	1777	1393	78.4	6019	4550	75.6	0.923
NFT	1455	1241	85.3	2411	2317	96.1	2425	2314	95.4	2905	2704	93.1	3896	3790	97.3	13,092	12,366	94.5	0.489
TGN	2377	2269	95.5	2450	2420	98.8	2500	2499	100	3083	3069	99.5	4144	4131	99.7	14,554	14,388	98.9	0.420
CLN	1365	1106	81	1130	722	63.9	789	570	72.2	2029	1016	50.1	4011	3974	99.1	9324	7388	79.2	0.120

Klebsiella species	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 1,000 isolates)			(N = 839 isolates)			(N = 1,299 isolates)			(N = 1,357 isolates)			(N = 1,356 isolates)			(N = 5,851 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	300	206	68.7	222	172	77.5	221	94	42.5	801	611	76.3	512	333	65	2056	1416	68.9	0.258
AMX/CLA	654	534	81.7	654	565	86.4	906	841	92.8	1001	938	93.7	896	739	82.5	4111	3617	88	0.772
CZN	159	75	47.2	400	312	78	456	356	78.1	562	467	83.1	753	462	61.4	2330	1672	71.8	0.786
CRX	654	223	34.1	258	137	53.1	358	278	77.7	452	354	78.3	963	369	38.3	2685	1361	50.7	0.975
CFX	700	444	63.4	402	321	79.9	456	295	64.7	458	370	80.8	456	269	59	2472	1699	68.7	0.989
CTM	112	82	73.2	111	86	77.5	255	104	40.8	320	134	41.9	358	114	31.8	1156	520	45	0.997
CTX	753	543	72.1	654	507	77.5	801	770	96.1	987	887	89.9	1,196	851	71.2	4391	3558	81	0.607
CZM	656	367	55.9	456	326	71.5	687	413	60.1	454	394	86.8	756	396	52.4	3009	1896	63	0.269
CPM	550	310	56.4	654	589	90.1	1010	845	83.7	900	829	92.1	1120	814	72.7	4234	3387	80	0.821
IPM	961	778	81	832	781	93.9	1190	1113	93.5	1290	1208	93.6	1310	1116	85.2	5583	4996	89.5	0.626
MPM	800	742	92.8	765	731	95.6	1120	1104	98.6	1291	1207	93.5	1312	1104	84.1	5288	4888	92.4	0.544
PIP-TZP	751	631	84	741	664	89.6	1130	933	82.6	1140	1021	89.6	1100	906	82.4	4862	4155	85.5	0.765
TMP-SMZ	654	535	81.8	659	596	90.4	874	788	90.2	1122	903	80.5	1145	905	79	4454	3727	83.7	0.561
GMN	963	696	72.3	801	700	87.4	1122	1019	90.8	1260	1167	92.6	1258	1152	91.6	5404	4734	87.6	0.462
ACN	852	774	90.8	811	782	96.4	1125	1087	96.6	1290	1150	89.1	1322	1272	96.2	5400	5065	93.8	0.604
CIP	789	652	82.6	753	686	91.1	1100	954	86.7	1299	1068	82.2	1300	916	70.5	5241	4276	81.6	0.641
OXN	350	265	75.7	402	273	67.9	582	404	69.4	654	589	90.1	1101	789	71.7	3089	2320	75.1	0.624
LVX	300	265	88.3	582	321	55.2	452	360	79.6	542	441	81.4	900	745	82.8	2776	2132	76.8	0.870
NFT	258	137	53.1	456	322	70.6	652	505	77.5	521	478	91.7	456	379	83.1	2343	1821	77.7	0.106
TGN	753	512	68	500	356	71.2	587	417	71	530	517	97.5	874	639	73.1	3244	2441	75.2	0.984
CLN	466	378	81.1	665	654	98.3	1200	1179	98.3	529	517	97.7	1199	1023	85.3	4059	3751	92.4	0.736

Pseudomonas species	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 850 isolates)			(N = 806 isolates)			(N = 696 isolates)			(N = 733 isolates)			(N = 837 isolates)			(N = 3,922 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	221	46	20.8	400	193	48.3	333	269	80.8	401	377	94	514	441	85.8	1869	1326	70.9	0.636
AMX/CLA	410	296	72.2	147	78	53.1	415	300	72.3	159	94	59.1	652	416	63.8	1783	1184	66.4	0.519
CZN	119	61	51.3	302	111	36.8	512	264	51.6	412	303	73.5	452	329	72.8	1797	1068	59.4	0.046
CRX	300	109	36.3	411	178	43.3	466	222	47.6	454	301	66.3	552	489	88.6	2183	1299	59.5	0.188
CFX	147	76	51.7	430	188	43.7	501	249	49.7	541	334	61.7	611	401	65.6	2230	1248	56	0.186
CTM	109	29	26.6	156	67	42.9	247	110	44.5	268	137	51.1	254	133	52.4	1034	476	46	0.923
CTX	358	276	77.1	547	369	67.5	240	110	45.8	260	137	52.7	219	133	60.7	1624	1025	63.1	0.746
CZM	800	676	84.5	789	686	86.9	614	495	80.6	660	480	72.7	653	558	85.5	3516	2895	82.3	0.952
CPM	598	300	50.2	658	567	86.2	611	512	83.8	614	500	81.4	678	568	83.8	3159	2447	77.5	0.961
IPM	753	541	71.8	782	614	78.5	660	574	87	603	576	95.5	801	710	88.6	3599	3015	83.8	0.925
MPM	741	564	76.1	788	617	78.3	671	570	84.9	654	582	89	822	713	86.7	3676	3046	82.9	0.944
PIP-TZP	820	631	77	799	692	86.6	680	590	86.8	721	608	84.3	810	742	91.6	3830	3263	85.2	0.956
TMP-SMZ	658	321	48.8	654	456	69.7	514	477	92.8	654	522	79.8	769	687	89.3	3249	2463	75.8	0.535
GMN	830	744	89.6	800	730	91.3	688	642	93.3	701	672	95.9	780	759	97.3	3799	3547	93.4	0.989
ACN	840	755	89.9	801	756	94.4	680	665	97.8	699	686	98.1	820	784	95.6	3840	3646	94.9	0.990
CIP	801	631	78.8	771	646	83.8	670	604	90.1	652	597	91.6	700	667	95.3	3594	145	87.5	0.997
OXN	80	13	16.3	154	71	46.1	230	110	47.8	325	187	57.5	400	191	47.8	1189	572	48.1	0.030
LVX	775	608	78.5	658	492	74.8	677	369	54.5	541	359	66.4	521	381	73.1	3172	2209	69.6	0.921
NFT	302	111	36.8	321	128	39.9	321	177	55.1	428	201	47	451	290	64.3	1823	907	49.8	0.491
TGN	346	339	98	420	409	97.4	511	498	97.5	541	533	98.5	681	678	99.6	2499	2457	98.3	0.142
CLN	711	706	99.3	670	661	98.7	587	571	97.3	301	291	96.7	328	321	97.9	2597	2550	98.2	0.853

Acinetobacter species	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 611 isolates)			(N = 275 isolates)			(N = 280 isolates)			(N = 262 isolates)			(N = 182 isolates)			(N = 1,610 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	90	33	36.7	150	74	49.3	320	110	34.4	264	130	49.2	275	142	51.6	1099	489	44.5	0.262
AMX/CLA	110	29	26.4	120	53	44.2	168	76	45.2	191	91	47.6	201	103	51.2	790	352	44.6	0.291
CZN	60	19	31.7	60	21	35	96	29	30.2	67	34	50.7	79	44	55.7	362	147	40.6	0.538
CRX	75	24	32	82	36	43.9	78	33	42.3	86	41	47.7	98	53	54.1	419	187	44.6	0.480
CFX	64	11	17.2	70	24	34.3	77	23	29.9	76	36	47.4	88	47	53.4	375	141	37.6	0.101
CTM	58	10	17.2	35	10	28.6	34	12	35.3	39	17	43.6	47	26	55.3	213	75	35.2	0.551
CTX	86	18	20.9	31	14	45.2	33	22	66.7	71	29	40.8	76	38	50	297	121	40.7	0.478
CZM	64	14	21.9	43	21	48.8	79	33	41.8	98	46	46.9	98	51	52	382	165	43.2	0.523
CPM	23	3	13	29	11	37.9	39	17	43.6	70	36	51.4	81	43	53.1	242	110	45.5	0.573
IPM	240	62	25.8	78	35	44.9	108	50	46.3	130	70	53.8	157	79	50.3	713	296	41.5	0.450
MPM	149	35	23.5	127	62	48.8	100	50	50	129	70	54.3	171	91	53.2	676	308	45.6	0.112
PIP-TZP	97	17	17.5	89	44	49.4	70	38	54.3	90	47	52.2	110	59	53.6	456	205	45	0.550
TMP-SMZ	310	75	24.2	348	172	49.4	287	141	49.1	220	115	52.3	300	177	59	1465	680	46.4	0.420
GMN	378	93	24.6	186	144	77.4	190	88	46.3	171	91	53.2	240	127	52.9	1165	543	46.6	0.660
ACN	220	49	22.3	189	84	44.4	121	56	46.3	155	80	51.6	168	94	56	853	363	42.6	0.413
CIP	127	29	22.8	114	49	43	130	59	45.4	125	67	53.6	148	78	52.7	644	282	43.8	0.415
OXN	89	21	23.6	94	36	38.3	111	48	43.2	122	67	54.9	139	73	52.5	555	245	44.1	0.322
LVX	40	8	20	17	8	47.1	36	17	47.2	40	24	60	58	33	56.9	191	90	47.1	0.697
NFT	128	41	32	321	77	24	310	140	45.2	290	151	52.1	287	151	52.6	1336	560	41.9	0.102
TGN	369	350	94.9	197	188	95.4	142	139	97.9	148	138	93.2	113	108	95.6	969	923	95.3	0.022
CLN	401	381	95	134	124	92.5	169	164	97	120	116	96.7	129	117	90.7	953	902	94.6	0.089

Proteus species	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 212 isolates)			(N = 192 isolates)			(N = 150 isolates)			(N = 135 isolates)			(N = 197 isolates)			(N = 886 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	200	92	46	186	89	47.8	74	40	54.1	99	59	59.6	181	100	55.2	740	380	51.4	0.527
AMX/CLA	201	143	71.1	187	146	78.1	147	100	68	129	114	88.4	170	155	91.2	834	658	78.9	0.797
CZN	107	48	44.9	180	99	55	140	126	90	125	101	80.8	190	132	69.5	742	506	68.2	0.828
CRX	83	35	42.2	178	44	24.7	91	51	56	113	74	65.5	130	81	62.3	595	285	47.9	0.863
CFX	60	19	31.7	62	27	43.5	89	49	55.1	128	77	60.2	191	110	57.6	530	282	53.2	0.266
CTM	112	36	32.1	81	40	49.4	78	52	66.7	97	64	66	141	76	53.9	509	268	52.7	0.760
CTX	203	112	55.2	179	133	74.3	130	121	93.1	127	100	78.7	180	161	89.4	819	627	76.6	0.878
CZM	150	77	51.3	150	70	46.7	136	115	84.6	131	79	60.3	174	116	66.7	741	457	61.7	0.913
CPM	90	41	45.6	128	63	49.2	137	71	51.8	131	118	90.1	179	127	70.9	665	420	63.2	0.692
IPM	130	61	46.9	167	78	46.7	141	102	72.3	133	127	95.5	160	140	87.5	731	508	69.5	0.619
MPM	200	121	60.5	189	150	79.4	149	130	87.2	121	101	83.5	189	179	94.7	848	681	80.3	0.821
PIP-TZP	199	113	56.8	180	129	71.7	147	122	83	129	119	92.2	179	161	89.9	834	644	77.2	0.935
TMP-SMZ	131	64	48.9	179	78	43.6	140	98	70	118	100	84.7	189	109	57.7	757	449	59.3	0.598
GMN	141	88	62.4	167	109	65.3	145	140	96.6	120	102	85	170	148	87.1	743	587	79	0.417
ACN	198	115	58.1	169	138	81.7	140	131	93.6	129	117	90.7	181	173	95.6	817	674	82.5	0.871
CIP	191	93	48.7	187	108	57.8	135	133	98.5	131	122	93.1	179	147	82.1	823	603	73.3	0.775
OXN	76	30	39.5	71	39	54.9	70	40	57.1	109	61	56	131	77	58.8	457	247	54	0.588
LVX	40	17	42.5	40	22	55	66	37	56.1	97	55	56.7	137	81	59.1	380	212	55.8	0.218
NFT	197	91	46.2	180	119	66.1	135	131	97	127	110	86.6	187	140	74.9	826	591	71.5	0.871
TGN	190	176	92.6	188	178	94.7	139	134	96.4	130	123	94.6	191	188	98.4	838	799	95.3	0.759
CLN	179	166	92.7	183	178	97.3	140	133	95	129	124	96.1	177	173	97.7	808	774	95.8	0.687

Enterobacter and Citrobacter species	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 162 isolates)			(N = 135 isolates)			(N = 85 isolates)			(N = 124 isolates)			(N = 297 isolates)			(N = 803 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	66	32	48.5	90	40	44.4	60	54	90	90	70	77.8	184	165	89.7	490	361	73.7	0.023
AMX/CLA	39	17	43.6	36	11	30.6	60	29	48.3	66	40	60.6	83	60	72.3	284	157	55.3	0.084
CZN	41	21	51.2	58	27	46.6	51	31	60.8	118	60	50.8	159	141	88.7	427	280	65.6	0.068
CRX	58	27	46.6	78	33	42.3	78	41	52.6	120	66	55	87	71	81.6	421	238	56.5	0.003
CFX	60	21	35	70	36	51.4	77	47	61	85	46	54.1	79	53	67.1	371	203	54.7	0.801
CTM	81	33	40.7	89	44	49.4	69	53	76.8	80	59	73.8	93	67	72	412	256	62.1	0.803
CTX	41	23	56.1	89	46	51.7	80	66	82.5	100	79	79	157	129	82.2	467	343	73.4	0.548
CZM	49	24	49	102	56	54.9	83	62	74.7	81	66	81.5	107	93	86.9	422	301	71.3	0.409
CPM	88	45	51.1	128	72	56.3	80	79	98.8	122	114	93.4	151	126	83.4	569	436	76.6	0.791
IPM	132	69	52.3	130	80	61.5	85	81	95.3	120	105	87.5	180	154	85.6	647	489	75.6	0.171
MPM	141	75	53.2	131	82	62.6	84	80	95.2	119	105	88.2	221	161	72.9	696	503	72.3	0.596
PIP-TZP	120	60	50	110	67	60.9	78	61	78.2	121	116	95.9	160	135	84.4	589	439	74.5	0.180
TMP-SMZ	128	65	50.8	122	73	59.8	79	63	79.7	118	101	85.6	174	144	82.8	621	446	71.8	0.378
GMN	100	59	59	112	61	54.5	80	66	82.5	122	101	82.8	188	154	81.9	602	441	73.3	0.417
ACN	160	85	53.1	125	75	60	81	70	86.4	123	114	92.7	229	160	69.9	718	504	70.2	0.666
CIP	134	77	57.5	130	81	62.3	84	69	82.1	123	117	95.1	189	149	78.8	660	493	74.7	0.428
OXN	130	72	55.4	133	96	72.2	84	60	71.4	115	96	83.5	153	131	85.6	615	455	74	0.868
LVX	60	33	55	98	48	49	67	57	85.1	94	81	86.2	147	116	78.9	466	335	71.9	0.166
NFT	63	26	41.3	91	76	83.5	81	63	77.8	88	54	61.4	151	118	78.1	474	337	71.1	0.430
TGN	149	136	91.3	127	120	94.5	83	80	96.4	114	110	96.5	288	278	96.5	761	724	95.1	0.180
CLN	143	122	85.3	130	123	94.6	76	71	93.4	116	111	95.7	280	279	99.6	745	706	94.8	0.370

Overall	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019			Total			P-value*
	(N = 5,316 isolates)			(N = 4,705 isolates)			(N = 5,019 isolates)			(N = 5,696 isolates)			(N = 7,018 isolates)			(N = 27,754 isolates)
	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%	T	S	S%
AMP	1977	1170	59.2	2178	1361	62.5	2166	1370	63.3	2755	2234	81.1	3466	2835	81.8	12,542	8970	71.5	0.683
AMX/CLA	3334	2698	80.9	3244	2658	81.9	3799	3220	84.8	4246	3603	84.9	5260	4298	81.7	19,883	16,477	82.9	0.976
CZN	819	350	42.7	1999	1411	70.6	1921	1276	66.4	2271	1596	70.3	3485	2520	72.3	10,495	7153	68.2	0.375
CRX	1958	1078	55.1	2132	1256	58.9	1618	1003	62	2206	1568	71.1	3817	2568	67.3	11,731	7473	63.7	0.662
CFX	2999	1390	46.3	1679	1092	65	1952	1095	56.1	2184	1635	74.9	2304	1414	61.4	11,118	6626	59.6	0.961
CTM	928	443	47.7	960	529	55.1	1139	569	50	1345	701	52.1	1547	690	44.6	5919	2932	49.5	0.911
CTX	3829	2736	71.5	3433	2826	82.3	3185	2699	84.7	4001	3366	84.1	5724	4319	75.5	20,172	15,946	79.1	0.975
CZM	3682	2217	60.2	2565	2055	80.1	3604	2231	61.9	3178	2340	73.6	3573	2598	72.7	16,602	11,441	68.9	0.998
CPM	2696	1706	63.3	3584	3077	85.9	3988	3288	82.4	4503	3755	83.4	5310	4527	85.3	20,081	16,353	81.4	0.866
IPM	4693	3962	84.4	4347	3746	86.2	4614	4315	93.5	5357	5155	96.2	6738	6221	92.3	25,749	23,399	90.9	0.965
MPM	4511	3949	87.5	4400	3880	88.2	4538	4326	95.3	5388	5113	94.9	6814	6270	92	25,651	23,538	91.8	0.966
PIP-TZP	4347	3722	85.6	4266	3742	87.7	4561	4066	89.1	5197	4793	92.2	6255	5536	88.5	24,626	21,859	88.8	0.981
TMP-SMZ	3337	2353	70.5	3707	2838	76.6	3630	2816	77.6	4219	3516	83.3	5475	4611	84.2	20,368	16,134	79.2	0.869
GMN	4635	3808	82.2	4380	3922	89.5	4525	4079	90.1	5339	4875	91.3	6627	5929	89.5	25,506	22,613	88.7	0.967
ACN	4740	3913	82.6	4484	4235	94.4	4637	4423	95.4	5426	5156	95	6830	6513	95.4	26,117	24,240	92.8	0.960
CIP	4043	3208	79.3	3954	3374	85.3	3919	3556	90.7	5119	4211	82.3	5524	4908	88.8	22,559	19,257	85.4	0.971
OXN	1861	1186	63.7	1961	1424	72.6	1777	1274	71.7	2023	1548	76.5	2611	1703	65.2	10,233	7135	69.7	0.985
LVX	2362	1716	72.7	2560	1809	70.7	1863	1278	68.6	2679	1976	73.8	3540	2749	77.7	13,004	9528	73.3	0.847
NFT	2403	1647	68.5	3780	3039	80.4	3924	3330	84.9	4359	3698	84.8	5428	4868	89.7	19,894	16,582	83.4	0.921
TGN	4184	3782	90.4	3882	3671	94.6	3962	3767	95.1	4546	4490	98.8	6291	6022	95.7	22,865	21,732	95	0.968
CLN	3265	2859	87.6	2912	2462	84.5	2961	2688	90.8	3224	2175	67.5	6124	5887	96.1	18,486	16,071	86.9	0.608

N number of pathogens causing healthcare-associated infections, T number of tested isolates, S number of susceptible pathogens, S (%) percentage of susceptible pathogens, AMP ampicillin, AMX/CLA amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, CZN cefazolin, CRX cefuroxime, CFX cefixime, CTM cefotaxime, CTX ceftriaxone, CZM ceftazidime, CPM cefepime, IPM imipenem, MPM meropenem, PIP-TZP piperacillin/tazobactam, TMP-SMZ trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, GMN gentamicin, ACN amikacin, CIP ciprofloxacin, OXN ofloxacin, LVX levofloxacin, NFT nitrofurantoin, TGN tigecycline, CLN colistin
*Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for resistance trend

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ISSN: 1476-0711

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