Table 1 Studies using phage therapy to inhibit the biofilm of different strains of P. aeruginosa

Liyuan Mi

(2019)

P. aeruginosa 1193

Lytic IME180 phage depolymerase

This phage enzyme degraded P. aeruginosa exopolysaccharide, enhanced bactericidal activity mediated by serum complement proteins in vitro, and disrupt the bacterial biofilm

[50]

Yangyijun Guo

(2019)

P. aeruginosa PAO1

vB_PaeM_SCUT-S1 and vB_PaeM_SCUT-S2

These two phages inhibited the growth of bacterium at low multiplicity of infection levels, had good performance both on preventing biofilm formation and eradicating preformed biofilms

[51]

Tomasz Olszak

(2017)

P. aeruginosa PAO1

O-specific polysaccharide lyase

from the phage LKA1

This enzyme reduced P. aeruginosa virulence, sensitized this bacterium to serum complement activity, and caused biofilm degradation

[52]

Diana R. Alves

(2016)

P. aeruginosa PAO1

A cocktail of six specific phage

After 4 h of biofilm contact with the phage suspension (MOI 10), more than 95% of biofilm biomass was eliminated, and 48 h after adding the phage cocktail in the flow biofilm model, the biofilm was dispersed

[53]

Muafia Shafique

(2017)

A hospital isolate of P. aeruginosa

JHP

This phage reduced biofilm biomass from 2 to 4.5 logs (60–90%) and reduced bacterial load that highlights its potential to prevent biofilm formation from indwelling medical devices

[54]

Ruoting Pei

(2014)

P. aeruginosa PAO1

Engineered T7 bacteriophage that encode lactonase enzyme

This phage lyses bacteria and expressed quorum-quenching enzymes that inhibited biofilm formation

[40]

A. Phee

(2013)

P. aeruginosa PA14

JBD4 and JBD44a

These phages significantly reduced the mean percentage of biofilm biomass in 24 and 96-h grown on microplates, but in 24 and 96-h P. aeruginosa PA14 biofilms in a root canal model, phage therapy did not affect biofilm inhibition

[55]

Katarzyna Danis-Wlodarczyk

(2015)

P. aeruginosa PAO1

Bacteriophages KTN6 and KT28

Both of these bacteriophages reduced colony-forming units (70–90%) in 24 h to 72 h P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm cultures, reduced the secretion of pyocyanin, and pyoverdin, and increased diffusion rate through the biofilm matrix

[56]

Susan M. Lehman

(2014)

Clinical P. aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis

Novel phages

Phage pretreatment reduced P. aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis biofilm counts by 4 log10 CFU/cm2 and 2 log10 CFU/cm2, respectively, so it is reported that pretreatment of a hydrogel urinary catheter with a phage cocktail can significantly reduce mixed-species biofilm formation by clinically relevant bacteria

[57]

Diana Pires

(2011)

P. aeruginosa PAO1

and ATCC 10,145

PhiIBB-PAA2 and phiIBB-PAP21),

Both phages after 2 h of infection reduced approximately 1–2 log the biofilm population, and the reduction was further enhanced after 6 h of biofilm infection. P. aeruginosa PAO1 showed resistance to phiIBB-PAP21, while phage phiIB-PAA2 for P. aeruginosa ATCC10145 continued to destroy biofilm cells, even after 24 h of infection

[58]

P. Knezevic

(2011)

P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027

δ, J-1, σ-1 and 001A

Phages δ and 001A inhibited bacterial growth and biofilm formation for more than a half at all MOIs, but σ-1 significantly inhibited bacterial growth only at very high MOIs and had no effect on biofilm formation

[59]

Matthew K. Kay

(2011)

P. aeruginosa PAO1

Escherichia coli bacteriophage _W60

and P. aeruginosa bacteriophage PB-1

In mixed-species biofilm communities, both of bacterium maintained stable cell populations in the presence of one or both phages

[60]

Weiling Fu

(2009)

P. aeruginosa M4

P. aeruginosa

phage M4 and five-phage cocktail from a larger library of P. aeruginosa phages

The pretreatment of catheters with phage reduced viable biofilm count by 2.84 log10, and the pretreatment of catheters with the cocktail of phage reduced the 48-h mean biofilm cell density by 99.9%

[61]