Fig. 1

Anti-biofilm mechanisms of bacteriophages. a Bacteriophages inhibit biofilm formation by inhibiting quorum sensing and reducing cellular communication. b Combined treatments with sequential application of phage and antibiotics have a killing efficacy on P. aeruginosa biofilm. c Combined use of bacteriophages with molecules with anti-biofilm properties can help biofilm destruction. d Bacteriophages can penetrate the inner layers of the biofilm through the biofilm void spaces without destroying the external matrix and replicate in the deeper-layer of biofilm