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Table 2 Major IE studies

From: Evolving trends in infective endocarditis in a developing country: a consequence of medical progress?

 

This study

Ibrahim et al. [19]

Gupta et al. [15]

Xu et al. [10]

Poesen et al. [20]

Watt et al. [6]

Toyoda et al. [2]

Time of study

2005–2017

2012–2013

2005–2010

2008–2015

2003–2010

2010–2012

1998–2013

Country

Malaysia

Malaysia

India

China

Belgium

Thailand

US

Episodes

182

50

61

174

88

132

75,829

Incidence (per 100,000 adm)

31

NA

80

NA

54

NA

7.6–9.3

Age (years) (SD/IQR)

51 ± 17.62

42 ± 16.4

49 ± 13.7

48 ± 15.7

72 IQR 59–81

47 IQR 16–85

62 ± 18.9

Male: female ratio

2.4:1

2.8:1

3.3:1

1.9:1

2:1

2.2:1

1.4:1

Predispositions (%)

 RHD

42

NA

37.7

14.9

2.3

28.0

NA

 CHD

7.7

6.0

22.9

29.9

5.7

8.3

4.5

 Dialysis

9.3

6.0

NA

3.4

4.5

NA

18.4

 IVDU

4.9

26.0

1.6

0.6

1.1

NA

12.5

 HIV

2.7

4.0

NA

NA

NA

NA

1.7

Culture positive (%)

78

68

67.2

60.3

89.8

45.5

73.0

 HCAIE (%)

37.4

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

52.9

 PVE (%)

6

NA

31

5.2

8

9.9

12.9

Organisms (%)

 Streptococcus

35.9

20

21.4

37.4

44.4

22

26.6

 Staphylococcus

40.8

36

21.4

13.8

21.7

5.3

38.5

Complications (%)

 CHF

28.6

NA

47.5

69.0

51.1

48

NA

 Stroke

19.2

10.0

11.5

16.1

NA

NA

NA

 Surgery for IE (%)

32

20.0

49.2

43.7

29.5

75.8

NA

 In-hospital death (%)

36.7

28.0

6.6

10.9

17.0

11.4

24.0a

  1. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, RHD rheumatic heart disease, CHD congenital heart disease, IVDU intravenous drug use, HCAIE health care associated IE, PVE prosthetic valve IE, CHF congestive heart failure, IE infective endocarditis, NA not available
  2. a90 days mortality in this study