This study | Ibrahim et al. [19] | Gupta et al. [15] | Xu et al. [10] | Poesen et al. [20] | Watt et al. [6] | Toyoda et al. [2] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time of study | 2005–2017 | 2012–2013 | 2005–2010 | 2008–2015 | 2003–2010 | 2010–2012 | 1998–2013 |
Country | Malaysia | Malaysia | India | China | Belgium | Thailand | US |
Episodes | 182 | 50 | 61 | 174 | 88 | 132 | 75,829 |
Incidence (per 100,000 adm) | 31 | NA | 80 | NA | 54 | NA | 7.6–9.3 |
Age (years) (SD/IQR) | 51 ± 17.62 | 42 ± 16.4 | 49 ± 13.7 | 48 ± 15.7 | 72 IQR 59–81 | 47 IQR 16–85 | 62 ± 18.9 |
Male: female ratio | 2.4:1 | 2.8:1 | 3.3:1 | 1.9:1 | 2:1 | 2.2:1 | 1.4:1 |
Predispositions (%) | |||||||
RHD | 42 | NA | 37.7 | 14.9 | 2.3 | 28.0 | NA |
CHD | 7.7 | 6.0 | 22.9 | 29.9 | 5.7 | 8.3 | 4.5 |
Dialysis | 9.3 | 6.0 | NA | 3.4 | 4.5 | NA | 18.4 |
IVDU | 4.9 | 26.0 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.1 | NA | 12.5 |
HIV | 2.7 | 4.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.7 |
Culture positive (%) | 78 | 68 | 67.2 | 60.3 | 89.8 | 45.5 | 73.0 |
HCAIE (%) | 37.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 52.9 |
PVE (%) | 6 | NA | 31 | 5.2 | 8 | 9.9 | 12.9 |
Organisms (%) | |||||||
Streptococcus | 35.9 | 20 | 21.4 | 37.4 | 44.4 | 22 | 26.6 |
Staphylococcus | 40.8 | 36 | 21.4 | 13.8 | 21.7 | 5.3 | 38.5 |
Complications (%) | |||||||
CHF | 28.6 | NA | 47.5 | 69.0 | 51.1 | 48 | NA |
Stroke | 19.2 | 10.0 | 11.5 | 16.1 | NA | NA | NA |
Surgery for IE (%) | 32 | 20.0 | 49.2 | 43.7 | 29.5 | 75.8 | NA |
In-hospital death (%) | 36.7 | 28.0 | 6.6 | 10.9 | 17.0 | 11.4 | 24.0a |