From: Association of prenatal antibiotics with measures of infant adiposity and the gut microbiome
N | Model 1: adjusted for potential confoundersa | Model 2: model 1 + infant birth weight + infant gestational age | Model 3: model 2 + delivery method | Sensitivity analysis: model 1 + infant antibiotic intake in the first year | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 410 | 408 | 405 | 410 | |
Any prenatal antibiotic exposure | |||||
No | 237 | Reference group | |||
Yes | 217 | 0.23 (0.02, 0.43) | 0.21 (0.02, 0.41) | 0.14 (− 0.09, 0.37) | 0.22 (0.02, 0.43) |
Number of courses during the prenatal period | |||||
0 | 237 | Reference group | |||
1 | 73 | 0.09 (− 0.19, 0.37) | 0.10 (− 0.17, 0.38) | 0.07 (− 0.21, 0.35) | 0.09 (− 0.20, 0.37) |
2 | 67 | 0.19 (− 0.10, 0.48) | 0.13 (− 0.15, 0.42) | 0.05 (− 0.28, 0.37) | 0.19 (− 0.10, 0.48) |
≥ 3 | 77 | 0.40 (0.11, 0.68) | 0.41 (0.13, 0.68) | 0.33 (0.02, 0.63) | 0.39 (0.11, 0.68) |
Timing of prenatal antibiotic exposure | |||||
Reference group: infants not exposed to antibiotics in each specific time period | |||||
First trimester | 60 | 0.21 (− 0.09, 0.51) | 0.16 (− 0.13, 0.45) | 0.15 (− 0.14, 0.44) | 0.21 (− 0.09, 0.50) |
Second trimester | 69 | 0.28 (0.002, 0.55) | 0.28 (0.02, 0.55) | 0.27 (0.003, 0.54) | 0.27 (− 0.001, 0.55) |
Third trimester | 146 | 0.17 (− 0.05, 0.38) | 0.15 (− 0.06, 0.37) | 0.04 (− 0.21, 0.29) | 0.16 (− 0.05, 0.38) |
First year after delivery (maternal intake) | 160 | 0.05 (− 0.17, 0.26) | − 0.02 (− 0.23, 0.18) | − 0.05 (− 0.26, 0.16) | 0.05 (− 0.17, 0.26) |
Typeb of antibiotic exposure | |||||
Reference group: infants not exposed to each specific type of antibiotic | |||||
Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 30 | 0.10 (− 0.30, 0.49) | 0.08 (− 0.31, 0.46) | 0.08 (− 0.31, 0.46) | 0.10 (− 0.30, 0.49) |
Other beta-lactam antibacterials | 146 | 0.19 (− 0.02, 0.41) | 0.16 (− 0.05, 0.37) | 0.03 (− 0.24, 0.29) | 0.19 (− 0.02, 0.41) |
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim | 15 | − 0.05 (− 0.58, 0.48) | − 0.02 (− 0.53, 0.49) | − 0.04 (− 0.55, 0.47) | − 0.06 (− 0.59, 0.47) |
Macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins | 46 | 0.23 (− 0.11, 0.56) | 0.23 (− 0.10, 0.56) | 0.21 (− 0.12, 0.53) | 0.23 (− 0.11, 0.56) |
Aminoglycoside antibacterials | 23 | 0.34 (− 0.10, 0.78) | 0.32 (− 0.11, 0.75) | 0.24 (− 0.19, 0.68) | 0.33 (− 0.11, 0.78) |
Other antibacterials | 69 | 0.35 (0.08, 0.63) | 0.34 (0.08, 0.61) | 0.32 (0.05, 0.59) | 0.35 (0.08, 0.63) |