Skip to main content

Table 2 Association (with 95% confidence interval) of prenatal antibiotics and infant weight-for-length z score at 12 months

From: Association of prenatal antibiotics with measures of infant adiposity and the gut microbiome

 

N

Model 1: adjusted for potential confoundersa

Model 2: model 1 + infant birth weight + infant gestational age

Model 3: model 2 + delivery method

Sensitivity analysis: model 1 + infant antibiotic intake in the first year

N

 

410

408

405

410

Any prenatal antibiotic exposure

 No

237

Reference group

 Yes

217

0.23 (0.02, 0.43)

0.21 (0.02, 0.41)

0.14 (− 0.09, 0.37)

0.22 (0.02, 0.43)

Number of courses during the prenatal period

 

 0

237

Reference group

 1

73

0.09 (− 0.19, 0.37)

0.10 (− 0.17, 0.38)

0.07 (− 0.21, 0.35)

0.09 (− 0.20, 0.37)

 2

67

0.19 (− 0.10, 0.48)

0.13 (− 0.15, 0.42)

0.05 (− 0.28, 0.37)

0.19 (− 0.10, 0.48)

 ≥ 3

77

0.40 (0.11, 0.68)

0.41 (0.13, 0.68)

0.33 (0.02, 0.63)

0.39 (0.11, 0.68)

Timing of prenatal antibiotic exposure

 Reference group: infants not exposed to antibiotics in each specific time period

  First trimester

60

0.21 (− 0.09, 0.51)

0.16 (− 0.13, 0.45)

0.15 (− 0.14, 0.44)

0.21 (− 0.09, 0.50)

  Second trimester

69

0.28 (0.002, 0.55)

0.28 (0.02, 0.55)

0.27 (0.003, 0.54)

0.27 (− 0.001, 0.55)

  Third trimester

146

0.17 (− 0.05, 0.38)

0.15 (− 0.06, 0.37)

0.04 (− 0.21, 0.29)

0.16 (− 0.05, 0.38)

  First year after delivery (maternal intake)

160

0.05 (− 0.17, 0.26)

− 0.02 (− 0.23, 0.18)

− 0.05 (− 0.26, 0.16)

0.05 (− 0.17, 0.26)

Typeb of antibiotic exposure

 Reference group: infants not exposed to each specific type of antibiotic

  Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins

30

0.10 (− 0.30, 0.49)

0.08 (− 0.31, 0.46)

0.08 (− 0.31, 0.46)

0.10 (− 0.30, 0.49)

  Other beta-lactam antibacterials

146

0.19 (− 0.02, 0.41)

0.16 (− 0.05, 0.37)

0.03 (− 0.24, 0.29)

0.19 (− 0.02, 0.41)

  Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

15

− 0.05 (− 0.58, 0.48)

− 0.02 (− 0.53, 0.49)

− 0.04 (− 0.55, 0.47)

− 0.06 (− 0.59, 0.47)

  Macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins

46

0.23 (− 0.11, 0.56)

0.23 (− 0.10, 0.56)

0.21 (− 0.12, 0.53)

0.23 (− 0.11, 0.56)

  Aminoglycoside antibacterials

23

0.34 (− 0.10, 0.78)

0.32 (− 0.11, 0.75)

0.24 (− 0.19, 0.68)

0.33 (− 0.11, 0.78)

  Other antibacterials

69

0.35 (0.08, 0.63)

0.34 (0.08, 0.61)

0.32 (0.05, 0.59)

0.35 (0.08, 0.63)

  1. aPotential confounders included maternal age at delivery, race, marital status, educational, annual household income, smoke during pregnancy, and pre-pregnancy body mass index
  2. bTetracyclines (J01A) and quinolone antibacterial (J01M) were excluded due to the small number of people who took them (n < 10)