Table 2 Types of carbapenems resistant genes carried by A. baumannii collected from various clinical specimens of patients at Saudi Arabia hospitals
Region | Refs. | Year of sampling | Specimens | Sources of isolates | Setting | No. of carbapenems resistant isolates | Types of carbapenems genes (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Across KSA | [37] | 2006–2007 | Sputum, urine, blood, ulcer | Inpatients and outpatients with DM | Different hospital wards | 20 | blaOXA-51 (45); blaOXA-131 (20) |
Across KSA | [6] | 2008–2011 | Blood, respiratory, urine, wound | Inpatients | ICUs | 196 | A blaVIM (93); blaOXA-23 (55); blaOXA-40 (30); ISAba1-blaOXA-51 (4) |
Across KSA | [16] | 2012 | Respiratory, blood, urine, abdomen, skin | Inpatients with DM | ICUs | 64 | blaVIM (92.2); blaOXA-23 (53.1); blaOXA-40 (29.7); blaSPM (28.1) |
Across KSA | [73] | 2012 | Respiratory, skin, wound, urine | Inpatients | Different hospital wards | 79 | OXA-51 (100); OXA-23 (97.5); OXA-72 (2.5); NDM-1 (1.2); OXA-23+NDM-1 (1.2) |
Aseer | [63] | 2013–2014 | Tracheal aspirate, sputum, wound and urine | Inpatients | Different hospital wards | 56 | blaOXA-23 (85.7); blaOXA-40 (5.4); blaOXA-58 (3.6); |
Eastern region | [12] | 2010–2012 | Respiratory, wound, urine | Inpatients and outpatients | Different hospital wards and adult ICU | 46 | blaOXA-23 (80.4); blaOXA-51 (2.2) |
Eastern region | [74] | 2008–2012 | Various clinical specimensb | Inpatients | Different hospital wards | 57 | blaOXA-23 (58); blaOXA-40 (13); blaVIM (94) |
Eastern region | [27] | 2014 | Rectal swab | Inpatients | ICUs | 35 | OXA-23 (100) |
Eastern region | [61] | 2014 | Sputum, blood, wound, nasal swab, pus swab | Inpatients and outpatients | Different hospital wards | 10 | blaOXA-23 (10); blaNDM-1 (30) |
Eastern region | [68] | NM | Sputum, throat, abdomen, catheter and endotracheal aspirates | Inpatients | ICUs | 5 | OXA-23 (100) |
Madinah | [55] | NM | Wound, sputum, urine, blood | Inpatients and outpatients | Different hospital wards | 48 | VIM-1 gene (37.9) |
Makkah | [17] | 2012–2014 | Blood, and skin wound | Inpatients | ICUs | 100a | OXA-51-like (94); OXA-23-like (91) |
Riyadh | [53] | 2011 | NM | Inpatients | Different hospital wards | 55 | blaOXA-23 (60.0); blaPER (49.1); blaGES (34.5); blaOXA-24 (3.6) |
Riyadh | [50] | 2006–2008 | Respiratory, wound and burn, blood, urine and other samples | Inpatients | Different hospital wards | 253 | OXA-23 (100); OXA-51 (100); OXA-58 (1.6) |
Riyadh | [18] | 2012 | Tracheal aspirate | Inpatients | Adults ICU | 12 | OXA-51 (100); OXA-23 (91.7); OXA-24/40 (8.3) |
Riyadh | [2] | 2006–2014 | Respiratory, wound and burn, blood, urine, and others samples | Inpatients | Different hospital wards | 503 | OXA-51-like (90.8); PER-1 (76.3) |
Riyadh | [52] | 2010 | Various clinical specimensb | Inpatients | Different hospital wards | 27 | OXA-23 (63); OXA-24/40 (3.7); ADC (96.3); GES-1 (18.5); GES-11 (11); GES-5 (3.7) |
Riyadh-Khobar | [33] | 2011–2013 | Blood, sputum, urine, respiratory, body fluid | Inpatients and outpatients | Different hospital wards | 80 | OXA-51 (100); OXA-23 (93) |