Table 1 Resistance rates of A. baumannii to different antimicrobial classes collected from hospitals of different geographical areas in Saudi Arabia
Area | Region | Refs. | Year of survey | Penicillins | Cephalosporin’s | Carbapenems | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMC | PIP | PIP-TAZ | CFN | CFM | CAZ | CTX | AZO | IMP | MER | ||||
Central | Qassim | [47] | 2011 | – | – | 42 | – | 67 | 89 | – | – | 9 | – |
Qassim | [49] | 2014–2015 | 100 | 100 | – | – | – | 100 | – | – | – | – | |
Riyadh | [50] | 2006–2008 | – | – | – | – | 98.8 | – | 99.2 | – | 79.1 | 92.1 | |
Riyadh | [2] | 2006–2014 | – | – | – | – | 96.9 | 96.2 | 95.4 | – | 76.9 | 88.5 | |
Riyadh | [51] | 2009 | 96 | – | 93 | – | – | 88 | – | 83 | 89 | 91 | |
Riyadh | [52] | 2010 | – | – | – | – | 78 | 78 | – | 78 | 89 | 89 | |
Riyadh | [53] | 2011 | – | – | – | – | 100 | 100 | – | 100 | 63.6 |  | |
Riyadh | [18] | 2006 | – | – | – | – | – | 75 | – | – | 36 | 19 | |
2012 | – | – | – | – | – | 83 | – | – | 91.7 | 89 | |||
Riyadh | [35] | 2013–2015 | – | – | – | – | 67.7 | 91.9 | – | – | 72.7 | 81.8 | |
West | Jeddah | [54] | 2012 | – | – | – | – | 27 | 25 | – | – | 66 | – |
Jeddah | [1] | 1999–2000 | 71 | 60 | – | – | – | 59 | 66 | 81 | 15 | – | |
Makkah and Jeddah | [31] | 2011 | – | 93.1 | – | – | 72.2 | 69.4 | 75 | 80.5 | 62.5 | – | |
Madinah | [55] | 2014 | 93.7 | 70.8 | – | 100 | – | 100 | – | 95.8 | – | – | |
Madinah | [22] | 6 month | 100 | – | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Makkah | [56] | 2004–2005 | 87 | 73 | 8 | 92 | 45 | 79 | – | 90 | 14 | – | |
Makkah | [57] | 2005–2006 | 92.9 | – | – | 97.9 | – | 86.9 | 83.3 | 95.3 | 45.9 | 28 | |
Makkah | [58] | 2015 | – | – | – | – | 77 | 77 | 100 | – | 90 | 64 | |
East | Dammam | [12] | 2010–2012 | – | – | 33.3 | – | 73.8 | 85.1 | – | – | 32.6 | 33.3 |
Dammam | [27] | 2014 | – |  | – | – | 100 | – | – | – | – | – | |
Dammam and Dhahran | [59] | 1998–2004 | – | – | – | 89 | – | 38 | – | – | 3 | – | |
Dammam and Khobar | [60] | 2015 | – | – | – | – | 67.7 | 71 | 87 | – | – | – | |
Dammam | [61] | 2014 | – | – | – | – | 100 | 100 | 100 | – | 100 | 100 | |
South | Aseer | [62] | 2011–2012 | – | – | – | – | – | 39 | – | – | 3 | – |
Aseer | [63] | 2013–2014 | – | 81.5 | – | – | 89.8 | – | – | – | 51.9 | 50 | |
Aseer | [19] | 2014–2015 | – | 97.1 | – | – | 96.6 | 92.7 | 97.8 | 92 | 95.5 | 100 | |
Najran | [25] | 2012–2013 | – | – | 32.4 | – | 45.6 | 91.2 | – | – | 7.4 | 1.5 | |
Area | Region | Refs. | Year of survey | Aminoglycosides | CIP | SXT | CL | TIG | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AK | GN | TOB | ||||||||
Central | Qassim | [47] | 2011 | 63 | 51 | – | 90 | 66 | – | – |
Qassim | [49] | 2014–2015 | 80 | 90.9 | – | 100 | 100 | – | – | |
Riyadh | [50] | 2006–2008 | 58.1 | 96.4 | 41.5 | 99.6 | 84.4 | 3.0 | – | |
Riyadh | [2] | 2006–2014 | 56.9 | 93.8 | 40 | 96.2 | 99.2 | 1.5 | – | |
Riyadh | [51] | 2009 | 86 | 80 | – | 92 | 56 | 0.0 | 43 | |
Riyadh | [52] | 2010 | 37 | 52 | – | 93 | – | 30 | 56 | |
Riyadh | [53] | 2011 | 40 | – | – | 94.5 | – |  | 45.5 | |
Riyadh | [18] | 2006 | 71 | – | – | 54 | – | 0.0 | – | |
2012 | 83 | – | – | 89.2 | – | 0.0 | – | |||
Riyadh | [35] | 2013–2015 | 72.7 | 54.5 | – | 91.9 | – | – | – | |
West | Jeddah | [54] | 2012 | 34 | 57 | – | 27 | – | 8 | – |
Jeddah | [1] | 1999–2000 | 74 | 56 | – | 38 | 54 | – | – | |
Makkah and Jeddah | [31] | 2011 | 40.3 | 51.4 | – | 69.4 | 72.2 | – | – | |
Madinah | [55] | 2014 | 89.6 | 81.2 | – | 100 | – | – | – | |
Madinah | [22] | 6 month | 89 | 94.5 | – | 94.5 | 93.3 | – | 0.0 | |
Makkah | [56] | 2004–2005 | 75 | 72 | – | 77 | 76 | – | – | |
Makkah | [57] | 2005–2006 | 84.2 | 76.2 | 56.5 | – | 75.4 | – | – | |
Makkah | [58] | 2015 | 67 | 46 | 50 | 83 | – | – | – | |
East | Dammam | [12] | 2010–2012 | 27 | 54.6 | – | 69.5 | 63.1 | 0.0 | 30 |
Dammam | [27] | 2014 | 40 | 62.9 | – | 100 | – | 0.0 | 51.4 | |
Dammam and Dhahran | [59] | 1998–2004 | 34 | 26 | 25 | 30 | 23 | – | – | |
Dammam and Khobar | [60] | 2015 | 25.8 | 29 | – | 74.2 | – | 0.0 | – | |
Dammam | [61] | 2014 | 90 | 80 | 50 | 100 | – | 0.0 | 80 | |
South | Aseer | [62] | 2011–2012 | 33 | 25 | 24 | 30 | – | 0.0 | – |
Aseer | [63] | 2013–2014 | 75 | 81.5 | 79.6 | 82.9 | 65.7 | 4.6 | – | |
Aseer | [19] | 2014–2015 | 83.7 | 94.5 | 93.2 | 93.9 | 25.5 | 0.0 | – | |
Najran | [25] | 2012–2013 | 41.2 | 60.3 | – | 45.6 | 77.9 | 0.0 | – | |