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Table 3 Clinical and bacteriological findings in cases with positive result from either NGS or conventional methods (blood and catheter tip culture)

From: Detection of bacterial DNA from central venous catheter removed from patients by next generation sequencing: a preliminary clinical study

No.

Age

Sex

BT

Skin redness

Bacteria detected by each method

Final diagnosis

Defervescence time (day)

Antibiotic treatment after the catheter removal

Outcome

NGS (the genera or families account for more than 10% of the leads)

Blood culture

Catheter tip culture

Other cultures

CRI suspected group

 NGS positive

  6

76

F

36.1

Yes

Serratia

NA

Serratia marcescens

NA

CRI

–

CMZ

Cure

  13

59

M

37.6

No

Staphylococcus

NA

Negative

NA

SSI

2

CPFX

Cure

  26

59

M

37.0

No

Staphylococcus

Negative

Negative

NA

SSI

1

FOM

Cure

  30

76

M

40.0

Yes

Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis

NA

CRI

4

PIPC/TAZ

Cure

  92

40

F

35.9

No

Enterococcaceae

Negative

Negative

NA

SSI

–

LVFX

Cure

  107

74

F

37.0

No

Enterococcaceae

Negative

Negative

Enterococcus faecalis (drain culture)

SSI

1

IPM/CS

Cure

  114

65

F

38.7

No

Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Enterobacteriaceae

Negative

Klebsiella pneumoniae

NA

CRI

1

CEZ

Cure

  135

61

M

39.0

No

Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus

NA

CRI

13

VCM

Deatha

  143

62

M

37.0

No

Staphylococcus

Negative

Negative

NA

SSI

1

LVFX

Cure

 NGS negative

  112

62

M

37.5

Yes

Negative

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Negative

NA

CRI

1

VCM

Cure

Routine removal group

 NGS positive

  31

80

F

36.4

No

Staphylococcus

NAb

NA

NA

Post infection (DNAemia)

–

No

–

  54

70

M

36.3

No

Staphylococcus

NA

NA

NA

Contamination

–

No

–

  88

65

F

36.6

No

Staphylococcus

NA

NA

NA

Contamination

–

No

–

  104

82

F

35.9

No

Staphylococcus

NA

NA

NA

Contamination

–

No

–

  154

52

M

36.8

No

Staphylococcus

NA

NA

NA

Contamination

–

No

–

  1. BT body temperature, NA not applicable, CEZ cefazolin, CMZ cefmetazole, CPFX ciprofloxacin, FOM fosfomycin, IPM/CS imipenem/cilastatin, LVFX levofloxacin, PIPC/TAZ piperacillin/tazobactam, VCM vancomycin
  2. aAlthough the symptom temporarily improved after catheter removal, CRI finally led to a fatal outcome. An autopsy examination revealed S. aureus bacteraemia
  3. bStaphylococcus capitis was identified 9 days before catheter removal. The catheter was, nevertheless, inserted due to therapeutic requirements