Microbial virulence, molecular epidemiology and pathogenic factors of fluoroquinolone-resistant Haemophilus influenzae infections in Guangzhou, China

Table 2 Clinical characteristics and infection risk factors of Haemophilus influenzae with resistance or reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin

Variables^a	N	Ciprofloxacin^c		p^d
Variables^a	N	Susceptible	Decreased susceptibility	p^d
Age (years)
0–14	162 (40.3%)
5–59	110 (27.4%)
≥ 60	130 (32.3%)
Sex
Male	256 (63.7%)	250 (63.6%)	6 (66.7%)	1.000
Female	146 (36.3%)	143 (36.3%)	3 (33.3%)	1.000
Prevalent seasons (months)
3–5	138 (34.3%)
6–8	67 (16.7%)
9–11	54 (13.4%)
12–2	143 (35.6%)
Underlying diseases
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	60 (14.9%)	58 (14.7%)	2 (22.2%)	0.626
Hypertension	70 (17.4%)	68 (17.3%)	2 (22.2%)	1.000
Diabetes	28 (7.0%)	27 (6.9%)	1 (11.1%)	1.000
Chronic kidney disease	33 (8.2%)	33 (8.4%)	0 (0%)	1.000^b
Cancers	46 (11.4%)	45 (11.5%)	1 (11.1%)	1.000
Interstitial lung Disease	14 (3.5%)	1 3(3.3%)	1 (11.1%)	0.732
Bronchiectasia	27 (6.7%)
Causes
Catch cold or be tired	30 (7.5%)	27 (6.9%)	3 (33.3%)	0.019
Invasive procedure	27 (6.7%)	24 (6.1%)	3 (33.3%)	0.011
History of smoking	40 (9.9%)	39 (9.9%)	1 (11.1%)	1.000
Channel of infection
Community-acquired	372 (92.5%)
Hospital-acquired	30 (7.5%)
Hospitalization during previous 3 months	133 (33.1%)	128 (32.6%)	5 (55.6%)	0.147
Fluoroquinolones use during previous 3 months	5 (1.2%)	7 (1.8%)	2 (22.2%)	0.003
Antimicrobial use during previous 3 months
Cephalosporins		144 (36.6%)	4 (44.4%)	0.896
Azithromycin		70 (17.8%)	0 (0%)	0.370^b
Piperacillin		13 (3.3%)	1 (11.1%)	0.732
Multidrug resistant strains		55 (14.0%)	8 (88.9%)	0.000

^a Data are presented as mean ± SD or number of patients (%)
^bFisher’s exact test
^cNumbers of susceptible and decreased susceptibility are 393 and 9, respectively
^dStatistically significant data are in italics

ISSN: 1476-0711