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Table 1 Characteristics of the study cohort stratified by type of infection

From: Factors associated to prevalence and treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: a seven years retrospective study in three tertiary care hospitals

Variable

Number (%) of patients

Infection type

VABP (N = 31)

Bacteremia (N = 22)

cUTI/AP (N = 18)

HABP (N = 16)

SWI (N = 16)

BTI (N = 9)

DWI (N = 7)

SBFI (N = 5)

All (N = 124)

Demographic variables

 Male sex

23 (74.2%)

14 (63.6%)

8 (44.4%)

12 (75.0%)

9 (56.3%)

6 (66.7%)

6 (85.7%)

5 (100%)

83 (66.9%)

 Age, years, mean (SD)a

60.4 (20.2)

48.1 (26.0)

59.4 (15.5)

72.9 (14.5)

52.8 (17.3)

55.6 (8.3)

57.6 (11.8)

40.8 (8.4)

56.1 (19.3)

 Department of residenceb

  ICU

20 (64.5%)

6 (27.3%)

2 (11.1%)

0

0

1 (11.1%)

1 (14.3%)

1 (20.0%)

31 (25.0%)

  Pediatric wards

11 (35.5%)

6 (27.3%)

0

8 (50.0%)

0

0

0

0

25 (20.2%)

  Surgical wards

0

3 (13.6%)

11 (61.1%)

0

12 (75.0%)

8 (88.9%)

4 (57.1%)

4 (80.0%)

42 (33.9%)

  Medical wards

0

7 (31.8%)

4 (22.2%)

6 (37.5%)

2 (12.5%)

0

0

0

19 (15.3%)

  Other wards

0

0

1 (5.5%)

2 (12.5%)

2 (12.5%)

0

2 (28.6%)

0

7 (5.6%)

Specific risk factors

 Prior culture positive for CRE

12 (38.7%)

8 (36.4%)

2 (11.1%)

2 (12.5%)

1 (6.3%)

3 (33.3%)

0

1 (20.0%)

34 (27.4%)

 Duration of hospitalization before CRE infection, mean (SD)

10.8 (6.3)

11.5 (4.7)

6.6 (3.4)

9.6 (5.9)

8.8 (5.0)

7.1 (3.3)

11.9 (5.3)

9.8 (1.9)

9.7 (4.6)

 Immunocompromised conditionc

10 (32.3%)

6 (27.3%)

4 (22.2%)

5 (31.3%)

4 (25.0%)

1 (11.1%)

2 (28.6%)

1 (20.0%)

33 (26.6%)

 Presence of neutropeniadd

2 (6.5%)

3 (13.6%)

0

1 (6.3%)

0

0

0

0

6 (4.8%)

 Prior transplantation

2 (6.5%)

2 (9.1%)

0

0

0

1 (11.1%)

0

0

5 (4.0%)

Comorbidities

 Diabetes mellitus

6 (19.4%)

5 (22.7%)

7 (38.9%)

2 (12.5%)

3 (18.8%)

0

1 (14.3%)

1 (20.0%)

25 (20.2%)

 Solid tumor

3 (9.7%)

2 (9.1%)

3 (16.7%)

2 (12.5%)

4 (25.0%)

2 (22.2%)

1 (14.3%)

2 (40.0%)

19 (15.3%)

 Chronic renal insufficiency

5 (16.1%)

4 (18.2%)

5 (27.8%)

0

3 (18.8%)

0

1 (14.3%)

0

18 (14.5%)

 Heart failure

5 (16.1%)

4 (18.2%)

0

2 (12.5%)

0

0

0

1 (20.0%)

12 (9.7%)

 Hematologic malignancy

1 (3.2%)

3 (13.6%)

0

0

0

0

0

0

4 (3.2%)

Concurrent bacteremia

10 (32.3%)

NA

2 (11.1%)

4 (25.0%)

1 (6.3%)

3 (33.3%)

3 (42.9%)

2 (40.0%)

NA

Presentation with severe sepsise

20 (64.5%)

10 (45.5%)

2 (11.1%)

4 (25.0%)

1 (6.3%)

2 (22.2%)

2 (28.6%)

2 (40.0%)

43 (34.7%)

Presentation with septic shockf

16 (51.6%)

8 (36.4%)

1 (5.5%)

2 (12.5%)

1 (6.3%)

2 (22.2%)

2 (28.6%)

2 (40.0%)

34 (27.4%)

  1. AP acute pyelonephritis, BTI biliary tract infection, CRE carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, cUTI complicated urinary tract infection, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, DWI deep wound infection, HABP hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia, ICU intensive care unit, NA not applicable, SBFI sterile body fluids infection, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation, SWI superficial wound infection, VABP ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia
  2. aThe data for pediatric patients (age ≤ 1 year) have been excluded when calculating mean and SD of the age
  3. bSurgical wards include hepatobiliary surgery, orthopedics, urology surgery, gastrointestinal surgery and anorectal surgery. Pediatric wards include general pediatric, pediatric intensive care unit and neonatal intensive care unit. Medical wards include respiratory, neurology, urology, hematology, cardiology and gastroenterology. Other wards include dermatology, otolaryngology, burns, radiotherapy and emergency department
  4. cImmunocompromised conditions included hematologic malignancy, prior bone marrow transplant, or received immunosuppressive therapy, such as cancer chemotherapy, antirejection medications for transplantation, or long-term (≥ 2 weeks) use of systemic steroids
  5. dNeutropenia was defined as < 500 neutrophils/mm3 for adults patients, and < 750 neutrophils/mm3 for pediatric patients
  6. eSevere sepsis was defined as infection associated with any of the following: hypotension (SBP ≤ 90 mmHg or a decrease in SBP of ≥ 40 mmHg), hypothermia (core temperature < 35.6 °C), or DIC as evidenced by prothrombin time or partial thromboplastin time 2× the upper limit of normal or platelets less than 50% of the lower limit of normal [3]
  7. fSeptic shock was defined as infection associated with hypotension (SBP ≤ 90 mmHg or a decrease in SBP of ≥ 40 mmHg) [3]
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Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials

ISSN: 1476-0711

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