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Table 3 The choices of prophylactic antibiotics for perioperative surgical incision

From: Application of antimicrobial drugs in perioperative surgical incision

Operation name

Incision type

Potential pathogens

Antimicrobial agents

Ophthalmic surgery

I, II

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS)

Tobramycin or levofloxacin in topical application

Amputation

I, II

S. aureus, CNS, Streptococcus (Strep), Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), Anaerobic bacteria (AB)

(First or second generation) cephalosporin (Cepha) ± metronidazole (MNZ)

Cerebral surgery (through the nasal sinuses, nasal cavities and oropharynx)

II

S. aureus, Strep, oropharyngeal AB (e.g., Peptostreptococcus)

Cepha ± MNZ, or clindamycin + gentamicin (C + G)

Head and neck surgery (through the oropharynx mucosa)

II

S. aureus, Strep, oropharyngeal AB (e.g., peptostreptococcus)

Cepha ± MNZ, or C + G

Otorhinolaryngologic surgery

II

S. aureus, CNS

Cepha ± MNZ

Thoracic surgery

II

S. aureus, CNS, Strep pneumoniae, GNB

Cepha ± MNZ

Urology surgery (entering the urinary tract vaginal)

II

GNB

Cepha or fluoroquinolones

Urology surgery (involving intestinal tract)

II

GNB, AB

Cepha or aminoglycosides (AG) + MNZ

Urology surgery (with prosthesis implantation)

II

Staphylococcus, GNB

Cepha + AG, or vancomycin

Hysterectomy

II

GNB, Enterococcus, Group B Streptococci (GBS), AB

Cepha (plus MNZ in vaginal surgery), or cephamycin

Laparoscopic myomectomy (using uterine manipulator)

II

GNB, Enterococcus, GBS, AB

Cepha ± MNZ, or cephamycin

Premature rupture of amniotic membrane or cesarean section

II

GNB, Enterococcus spp., GBS, AB

Cepha ± MNZ

Artificial abortion—curettage odinopoeia

II

GNB, Enterococcus spp., GBS, AB

Cepha ± MNZ, or doxycycline

Flap transfer or skin grafting

II

S. aureus, CNS, Strep, GNB

Cepha

Implantation of external fixator

II

Staphylococcus aureus, CNS, Strep

Cepha

Open fracture internal fixation

II

Staphylococcus aureus, CNS, Strep, GNB, anaerobic bacteria

Cepha ± MNZ

Hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic surgery

II, III

CNS, AB

Cepha or ceftriaxone ± MNZ, or cephamycin

Stomach, duodenum, small intestine surgery

II, III

CNS, Strep, oropharyngeal AB

Cepha or cephamycin

Colon, rectum, appendectomy

II, III

CNS, AB

Cepha or ceftriaxone ± MNZ, or cephamycin

Repair of perineal laceration

II, III

GNB, Enterococcus, GBS, AB

Cepha or ceftriaxone ± MNZ

  1. ± That two or more drugs can used in combination or not in combination