Fig. 5

Phylogenetic tree of 58 MDR E. coli strains constructed using the maximum likelihood algorithm in the MEGA6 software [27] and based on the concatenated alleles of 7 housekeeping genes according to Achtman’s scheme (columns 4–10). The numerals on the branches represent bootstrap values. The phylogenetic analysis identified 24 ST (column 11) that corresponded to 11 ST complexes (STc, column 12). Phylogenetic groups in column 2 were identified using phylo-typing method [24] by quadruplex PCR using four target genes (arpA±, chuA±, yjaA±, TspE4.C2±). Strains incorrectly assigned using the extended quadruplex method are indicated in red. The phylo-group memberships of two isolates (1097, 1125) were ambiguous. Notably, E. coli Clone ST131, ST410, and ST1193, which are disseminated globally, were among the identified STs in this study