Table 2 Differential diagnosis of dengue, zika and chikungunya in symptomatic cases
Signs/symptoms | Dengue | Zika | Chikungunya |
|---|---|---|---|
Fever (duration) | Higher than 38 °C (4–7 days) | No fever or low fever < 38.5 °C (1–2 days) | High fever > 38 °C (2–3 days) |
Skin rash (frequency) | Moderately elevated | Elevated | Moderately elevated |
Myalgia (frequency) | +++/+++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ |
Arthralgia (frequency) | Rare | Variable, in wrists and hands, with complete regression | Frequent and in multiple joints |
Severity of arthralgia | Mild | Mild/moderate | Moderate/severe |
Articular/periarticular edema (frequency) | Rare | Mild severity | Frequent and moderate to severe |
Non-purulent conjunctivitis | Rare | 50–90 % of cases | 30 % |
Headache (frequency and intensity) | Frequent and high intensity | Frequent and moderate intensity | Frequent and moderate intensity |
Pruritus | Mild | Moderate to severe | Mild |
Lymphadenopathy (frequency) | Rare | Moderate | Moderate |
Neurological complications | Encephalitis (rare) | Guillain-Barré syndrome, encephalitis (rare) | Guillain-Barré syndrome, encephalitis (predominantly in neonates) |