Ethnomedicines and anti-parasitic activities of Pakistani medicinal plants against Plasmodia and Leishmania parasites

Tariq, Akash; Adnan, Muhammad; Amber, Rahila; Pan, Kaiwen; Mussarat, Sakina; Shinwari, Zabta Khan

doi:10.1186/s12941-016-0170-0

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials

Table 1 Medicinal plants used to treat leishmaniasis in Pakistan

From: Ethnomedicines and anti-parasitic activities of Pakistani medicinal plants against Plasmodia and Leishmania parasites

S. no	Botanical name/family name	Common and or local/name (s)	Part used	Area	Phytochemistry	Citation
1	Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f./Xanthorrhoeaceae(= Aloe barbadense Mill./Liliaceae)	Kuwargandal, Aloe vera	Leaves	Dera Ismail Khan	Sitosterol	[61]
1		Kuwargandal, Aloe vera	Leaves	Kohat	Sitosterol	[25, 57]
2	Asparagus gracilis L./Asparagaceae	Shagandal	Aerial parts	Islamabad	Glycosides, tannins, saponins	[22]
3	Asparagus asiaticus L./Berberidaceae (= Berberis baluchistanica Ahrendt.)	Zarch	Roots	Kalat	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, diterpenes, phenols	[62]
4	Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague/Apiaceae (= Carumcopticum L./Umbelliferae)	Ajwain	Whole plant	Quetta	NA	[48]
5	Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad/Cucurbitaceae	Bitter apple, Kortuma	Fruits	Nushki	Ursolic acid, cucurbitacin E 2-0-β-D-glucopyranoside and cucurbitacin I 2-0-β-D-glucopyranoside, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, diterpenes, coumarins	[35]
6	Juniperus M.Bieb./Cupressaceae	Juniper	Fresh berries	Ziarat	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, diterpenes, phenols	[37]
7	Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss./Compositae	Nazar zela	Roots	Kohistan	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, phenols	[22]
8	Melia azedarach L./Meliaceae	Neem, Chinaberry tree, Persian lilac	Green fruits	Islamabad	Phenols	[21]
9	Nepeta praetervisa Rech.f./Lamiaceae	Simsok	Leaves	Kalat	Carbohydrate, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, diterpenes, quinones, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, triterpenoids, coumarins	[63]
10	Onosma griffithii Vatke./Boraginaceae	Golden drop	Whole Plant	Malakand	NA	[64]
11	Perotis hordeiformisNees ex Hook. &Arn./Poaceae	Kikuyu grass	Leaves	Soorab	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, diterpenes, phenols	[65]
12	Physalis minima L./Solanaceae	Pygmy Ground cherry, Gooseberry	Whole plant	Karachi	Physalins	[66]
13	Rhazya stricta Decne./Apocynaceae	Aizwarg	Leaves	Nushki	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, diterpenes, phenols	[34]
14	Salvia bucharica Popov./Lamiaceae	Sage, Gul-e-Kakar	Leaves	Quetta	NA	[67]
15	Sarcococca wallichii Stapf/Buxaceae (= Sarcococca coriacea Mull. Arg.)	NA	Roots	Karachi	Steroidal alkaloids	[68]
16	Sarcococca hookeriana Baill./Buxaceae	Sweet box	Whole plant	Karachi	Steroidal alkaloids	[66]
17	Sida cordata L. (Burm.f.) Borss. Waalk./Malvaceae	Simak	Whole plant	Islamabad	Phenols, saponins, flavonoids	[22]
18	Stellaria media L. Vill./Caryophyllaceae	Gander	Whole plant	Islamabad	Glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, terpenoids	[22]
19	Swertia chirata Roxb ex./Gentianaceae	Chirata	Seeds	D. I. Khan	Amarogentin, amaroswerin, sweroside	[69]
20	Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst./Tamaricaceae	Ghaz, Tamarisk, Salt cedar	Barks	Kohat	NA	[25]
21	Thuspeinanta brahuica (Boiss.) Briq./Lamiaceae	NA	Leaves	Kalat	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, diterpenes	[70]
22	Tylophora hirsute Wight/Apocynaceae (= Asclepiadaceae)	Damvel	Aerial parts	Malakand	NA	[71]

NA indicates data not available

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ISSN: 1476-0711

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