Antimicrobial susceptibility trends among gram-positive and -negative clinical isolates collected between 2005 and 2012 in Mexico: results from the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial

Morfin-Otero, Rayo; Noriega, Eduardo Rodriguez; Dowzicky, Michael J.

doi:10.1186/s12941-015-0116-y

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials

Table 2 Antimicrobial susceptibility [MIC₉₀ (mg/L), % susceptible] of clinically important gram-positive and gram-negative isolates collected in Mexico, T.E.S.T. 2005–2012

From: Antimicrobial susceptibility trends among gram-positive and -negative clinical isolates collected between 2005 and 2012 in Mexico: results from the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial

Pathogen	2005–2007		2008–2012		2005–2012
Pathogen	MIC₉₀	%S	MIC₉₀	%S	MIC₉₀	%S
Gram-positive
E. faecalis	n = 142		n = 332		n = 474
Ampicillin	2	100	2	97.9	2	98.5
Levofloxacin	≥64	58.5	≥64	56.0	≥64	56.8
Linezolid	2	100	2	99.1	2	99.4
Minocycline	≥16	30.3	≥16	32.2	≥16	31.6
Penicillin	4	100	8	97.3	4	98.1
Tigecycline	0.25	100	0.25	100	0.25	100
Vancomycin	2	100	2	99.4	2	99.6
E. faecium	n = 42		n = 94		n = 136
Ampicillin	≥32	19.0	≥32	53.2^a	≥32	42.6
Levofloxacin	≥64	19.0	≥64	30.9	≥64	27.2
Linezolid	2	100	2	100	2	100
Minocycline	≥16	54.8	≥16	68.1	≥16	64.0
Penicillin	≥16	21.4	≥16	51.1^a	≥16	41.9
Tigecycline	0.12	100	0.25	100	0.25	100
Vancomycin	≥64	66.7	≥64	78.7	≥64	75.0
S. aureus	n = 294		n = 728		n = 1022
Levofloxacin	32	60.9	32	50.3^a	32	53.3
Linezolid	2	100	2	100	2	100
Minocycline	0.5	99.7	1	98.2	1	98.6
Tigecycline	0.25	100	0.25	100	0.25	100
Vancomycin	1	100	1	100	1	100
S. agalactiae	n = 114 (33/81)		n = 173		n = 287 (33/254)
Ampicillin	0.12	100	0.12	100	0.12	100
Ceftriaxone	0.12	100	0.12	100	0.12	100
Levofloxacin	1	99.1	1	98.8	1	99.0
Linezolid	1	100	1	100	1	100
Meropenem	≤0.12	100	0.25	100	≤0.12	100
Minocycline	≥16	23.7	≥16	21.4	≥16	22.3
Penicillin	0.12	100	0.12	100	0.12	100
Tigecycline	0.06	100	0.12	100	0.12	100
Vancomycin	0.5	100	1	100	0.5	100
S. pneumoniae, non-CSF	n = 120 (19/101) (78^b)		n = 141 (122^b)		n = 261 (19/242) (200^b)
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	1	99.2	4	86.5^a	2	92.3
Azithromycin	64	69.2	≥128	54.9	≥128	60.5
Ceftriaxone	1	98.3	1	90.8	1	94.3
Clarithromycin	≥128	70.5	≥128	55.7	≥128	61.5
Clindamycin	≥128	84.6	≥128	78.7	≥128	81.0
Erythromycin	64	67.9	≥128	54.9	64	60.0
Imipenem	0.5	84.2	–	–	–	–
Levofloxacin	1	99.2	2	100	1	99.6
Linezolid	1	100	1	100	1	100
Meropenem	0.5	73.3	0.5	62.4	0.5	66.9
Minocycline	8	65.8	≥16	52.5	≥16	58.6
Penicillin^c
Oral	2	46.7	4	22.7^a	2	33.7
Parenteral (non-meningitis)	2	97.5	4	89.4^a	2	93.1
Parenteral (meningitis)	2	46.7	4	22.7^a	2	33.7
Tigecycline	0.06	100	0.06	100	0.06	100
Vancomycin	0.5	100	0.5	100	0.5	100
S. pneumoniae, CSF	n = 9 (2/7) (8^b)		n = 18 (0/18) (16^b)		n = 27 (2/25) (24^b)
Azithromycin	–	[8]	≥128	75.0	32	83.3
Ceftriaxone	–	[8]	1	83.3	1	85.2
Clarithromycin	–	[8]	8	75.0	4	83.3
Clindamycin	–	[8]	64	87.5	0.25	91.7
Erythromycin	–	[8]	16	81.3	4	87.5
Imipenem	–	[2]	–	–	–	–
Levofloxacin	–	[9]	2	100	2	100
Linezolid	–	[9]	2	100	2	100
Meropenem	–	[6]	0.5	66.7	0.5	72.0
Minocycline	–	[6]	≥16	33.3	≥16	44.4
Penicillin^c
Parenteral (meningitis)	–	[5]	2	27.8	2	37.0
Tigecycline	–	[9]	0.06	100	0.06	100
Vancomycin	–	[9]	1	100	0.5	100
Gram-negative
Enterobacter spp.	n = 283 (58/225) (277^d)		n = 530		n = 813 (58/755) (807^d)
Amikacin	32	86.9	16	94.0^a	16	91.5
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≥64	7.1	≥64	11.9	≥64	10.2
Ampicillin	≥64	1.1	≥64	8.3^a	≥64	5.8
Cefepime	16	87.3	16	89.4	16	88.7
Ceftriaxone	≥128	56.5	≥128	59.1	≥128	58.2
Imipenem	0.5	100	–	–	–	–
Levofloxacin	8	85.9	8	85.7	8	85.7
Meropenem	0.25	97.3	0.5	95.5	0.5	96.0
Minocycline	≥32	67.5	≥32	60.8	≥32	63.1
Piperacillin-tazobactam	128	76.7	128	76.8	128	76.8
Tigecycline	1	96.5	1	96.6	1	96.6
E. coli	n = 333 (99/234)		n = 863 (17/846)		n = 1196 (116/1080)
Amikacin	8	96.1	16	91.4^a	16	92.7
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	32	45.0	≥64	37.1^a	32	39.3
Ampicillin	≥64	15.0	≥64	14.0	≥64	14.3
Cefepime	≥64	64.6	≥64	63.8	≥64	64.0
Ceftriaxone	≥128	45.3	≥128	43.5	≥128	44.0
Imipenem	0.5	99.0	≤0.06	100	0.25	99.1
Levofloxacin	≥16	35.7	≥16	33.8	≥16	34.4
Meropenem	0.25	95.3	0.25	98.6	0.25	97.9
Minocycline	16	64.3	≥32	49.1^a	≥32	53.3
Piperacillin-tazobactam	16	90.1	128	74.3^a	64	78.7
Tigecycline	0.5	99.7	0.5	99.7	0.5	99.7
K. oxytoca	n = 45 (10/35) (44^d)		n = 91 (1/90)		n = 136 (11/125) (135^d)
Amikacin	8	97.8	8	94.5	8	95.6
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	32	84.4	32	68.1	32	73.5
Ampicillin	≥64	0.0	≥64	2.2	≥64	1.5
Cefepime	8	93.3	32	82.4	16	86.0
Ceftriaxone	32	75.6	≥128	68.1	≥128	70.6
Imipenem	0.25	100	–	[1]	0.25	100
Levofloxacin	≥16	84.4	≥16	73.6	≥16	77.2
Meropenem	0.25	100	0.5	95.6	0.25	96.8
Minocycline	16	75.6	16	74.7	16	75.0
Piperacillin-tazobactam	8	95.6	32	83.5	32	87.5
Tigecycline	1	97.8	1	97.8	1	97.8
K. pneumoniae	n = 236 (66/170) (233^d)		n = 616		n = 852 (66/786) (849^d)
Amikacin	16	91.1	≥128	83.9^a	64	85.9
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	32	67.8	≥64	55.5^a	≥64	58.9
Ampicillin	≥64	1.3	≥64	2.8	≥64	2.4
Cefepime	4	93.6	≥64	80.5^a	32	84.2
Ceftriaxone	64	68.2	≥128	56.2^a	≥128	59.5
Imipenem	1	100	–	–	–	–
Levofloxacin	≥16	78.0	≥16	73.9	≥16	75.0
Meropenem	0.12	98.2	0.5	94.6	0.5	95.4
Minocycline	16	70.8	≥32	55.5^a	≥32	59.7
Piperacillin-tazobactam	64	82.6	≥256	70.1^a	≥256	73.6
Tigecycline	1	97.9	2	95.0	2	95.8
S. marcescens	n = 102 (26/76) (101^d)		n = 211		n = 313 (26/287) (312^d)
Amikacin	64	77.5	32	86.3	64	83.4
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≥64	15.7	≥64	7.6^a	≥64	10.2
Ampicillin	≥64	5.0	≥64	4.7	≥64	4.8
Cefepime	16	87.3	8	90.0	16	89.1
Ceftriaxone	≥128	64.7	64	69.7	≥128	68.1
Imipenem	2	88.5	–	–	–	–
Levofloxacin	4	85.3	8	85.3	8	85.3
Meropenem	0.5	93.4	0.5	92.9	0.5	93.0
Minocycline	16	74.5	16	50.2^a	16	58.1
Piperacillin-tazobactam	128	81.4	64	82.9	64	82.4
Tigecycline	2	97.1	2	95.3	2	95.8
H. influenzae	n = 117 (24/93)		n = 111 (5/106)		n = 228 (29/199)
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	2	98.3	4	97.3	2	97.8
Ampicillin	32	59.8	32	79.3^a	32	69.3
Cefepime	≤0.5	98.3	≤0.5	100	≤0.5	99.1
Ceftriaxone	0.12	100	0.12	97.3	0.12	98.7
Imipenem	0.5	100	–	[5]	0.5	100
Levofloxacin	0.03	100	0.03	100	0.03	100
Meropenem	0.25	100	0.12	100	0.25	100
Minocycline	1	100	1	98.2	1	99.1
Piperacillin-tazobactam	≤0.06	99.1	0.12	99.1	0.12	99.1
Tigecycline	0.25	99.1	0.25	97.3	0.25	98.2
Acinetobacter spp.	n = 129 (33/96)		n = 324		n = 453 (33/420)
Amikacin	≥128	60.5	≥128	45.1^a	≥128	49.4
Cefepime	32	56.6	≥64	51.2	≥64	52.8
Ceftazidime	≥64	28.7	≥64	30.6	≥64	30.0
Ceftriaxone	≥128	28.7	≥128	30.9	≥128	30.2
Imipenem	2	97.0	–	–	–	–
Levofloxacin	8	44.2	≥16	40.1^a	≥16	41.3
Meropenem	16	76.0	≥32	63.3^a	≥32	66.2
Minocycline	4	93.8	16	77.5^a	16	82.1
Piperacillin-tazobactam	≥256	46.5	≥256	42.0	≥256	43.3
P. aeruginosa	n = 214 (70/144)		n = 655 (1/654)		n = 869 (71/798)
Amikacin	64	71.5	≥128	64.3	≥128	66.1
Cefepime	≥64	62.6	≥64	59.5	≥64	60.3
Ceftazidime	≥64	51.9	≥64	50.5	≥64	50.9
Imipenem	≥32	54.3	–	[0]	≥32	53.5
Levofloxacin	≥16	59.8	≥16	58.3	≥16	58.7
Meropenem	≥32	56.3	≥32	56.0	≥32	56.0
Piperacillin-tazobactam	≥256	61.2	≥256	56.6	≥256	57.8

n values given in parentheses indicate the number of isolates tested against imipenem and meropenem, respectively. When no values are given in parenthesis, all isolates were tested against meropenem
When <10 isolates MIC₉₀ data are not presented and the number of isolates susceptible or resistant are presented in parenthesis
When no isolates were tested against imipenem between 2008 and 2012, imipenem data for 2005–2012 are not presented as the only data available are for the 2005–2007 period
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
^aIndicates a statistically significant change in susceptibility (p < 0.01 by the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test) between 2005–2007 and 2008–2012
^bAgainst S. pneumoniae the n values given in parenthesis indicate the number of isolates tested against imipenem, meropenem or macrolides/clindamycin
^cAgainst S. pneumoniae from non-cerebrospinal sources (non-CSF) three sets of breakpoints were applied: penicillin parenteral (non-meningitis); penicillin parenteral (meningitis), and penicillin oral. For isolates from CSF the penicillin parenteral (meningitis) breakpoints were applied
^dAgainst Enterobacteriaceae the n value in parenthesis the number of isolates tested against ampicillin

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