Pathogen | 2005–2007 | 2008–2012 | 2005–2012 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC90 | %S | MIC90 | %S | MIC90 | %S | |
Gram-positive | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 E. faecalis | n = 142 |  | n = 332 |  | n = 474 |  |
  Ampicillin | 2 | 100 | 2 | 97.9 | 2 | 98.5 |
  Levofloxacin | ≥64 | 58.5 | ≥64 | 56.0 | ≥64 | 56.8 |
  Linezolid | 2 | 100 | 2 | 99.1 | 2 | 99.4 |
  Minocycline | ≥16 | 30.3 | ≥16 | 32.2 | ≥16 | 31.6 |
  Penicillin | 4 | 100 | 8 | 97.3 | 4 | 98.1 |
  Tigecycline | 0.25 | 100 | 0.25 | 100 | 0.25 | 100 |
  Vancomycin | 2 | 100 | 2 | 99.4 | 2 | 99.6 |
 E. faecium | n = 42 | n = 94 | n = 136 | |||
  Ampicillin | ≥32 | 19.0 | ≥32 | 53.2a | ≥32 | 42.6 |
  Levofloxacin | ≥64 | 19.0 | ≥64 | 30.9 | ≥64 | 27.2 |
  Linezolid | 2 | 100 | 2 | 100 | 2 | 100 |
  Minocycline | ≥16 | 54.8 | ≥16 | 68.1 | ≥16 | 64.0 |
  Penicillin | ≥16 | 21.4 | ≥16 | 51.1a | ≥16 | 41.9 |
  Tigecycline | 0.12 | 100 | 0.25 | 100 | 0.25 | 100 |
  Vancomycin | ≥64 | 66.7 | ≥64 | 78.7 | ≥64 | 75.0 |
 S. aureus | n = 294 | n = 728 | n = 1022 | |||
  Levofloxacin | 32 | 60.9 | 32 | 50.3a | 32 | 53.3 |
  Linezolid | 2 | 100 | 2 | 100 | 2 | 100 |
  Minocycline | 0.5 | 99.7 | 1 | 98.2 | 1 | 98.6 |
  Tigecycline | 0.25 | 100 | 0.25 | 100 | 0.25 | 100 |
  Vancomycin | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 |
 S. agalactiae | n = 114 (33/81) | n = 173 | n = 287 (33/254) | |||
  Ampicillin | 0.12 | 100 | 0.12 | 100 | 0.12 | 100 |
  Ceftriaxone | 0.12 | 100 | 0.12 | 100 | 0.12 | 100 |
  Levofloxacin | 1 | 99.1 | 1 | 98.8 | 1 | 99.0 |
  Linezolid | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 |
  Meropenem | ≤0.12 | 100 | 0.25 | 100 | ≤0.12 | 100 |
  Minocycline | ≥16 | 23.7 | ≥16 | 21.4 | ≥16 | 22.3 |
  Penicillin | 0.12 | 100 | 0.12 | 100 | 0.12 | 100 |
  Tigecycline | 0.06 | 100 | 0.12 | 100 | 0.12 | 100 |
  Vancomycin | 0.5 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 0.5 | 100 |
 S. pneumoniae, non-CSF | n = 120 (19/101) (78b) | n = 141 (122b) | n = 261 (19/242) (200b) | |||
  Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 1 | 99.2 | 4 | 86.5a | 2 | 92.3 |
  Azithromycin | 64 | 69.2 | ≥128 | 54.9 | ≥128 | 60.5 |
  Ceftriaxone | 1 | 98.3 | 1 | 90.8 | 1 | 94.3 |
  Clarithromycin | ≥128 | 70.5 | ≥128 | 55.7 | ≥128 | 61.5 |
  Clindamycin | ≥128 | 84.6 | ≥128 | 78.7 | ≥128 | 81.0 |
  Erythromycin | 64 | 67.9 | ≥128 | 54.9 | 64 | 60.0 |
  Imipenem | 0.5 | 84.2 | – | – | – | – |
  Levofloxacin | 1 | 99.2 | 2 | 100 | 1 | 99.6 |
  Linezolid | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 |
  Meropenem | 0.5 | 73.3 | 0.5 | 62.4 | 0.5 | 66.9 |
  Minocycline | 8 | 65.8 | ≥16 | 52.5 | ≥16 | 58.6 |
  Penicillinc |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Oral | 2 | 46.7 | 4 | 22.7a | 2 | 33.7 |
   Parenteral (non-meningitis) | 2 | 97.5 | 4 | 89.4a | 2 | 93.1 |
   Parenteral (meningitis) | 2 | 46.7 | 4 | 22.7a | 2 | 33.7 |
  Tigecycline | 0.06 | 100 | 0.06 | 100 | 0.06 | 100 |
  Vancomycin | 0.5 | 100 | 0.5 | 100 | 0.5 | 100 |
 S. pneumoniae, CSF | n = 9 (2/7) (8b) | n = 18 (0/18) (16b) | n = 27 (2/25) (24b) | |||
  Azithromycin | – | [8] | ≥128 | 75.0 | 32 | 83.3 |
  Ceftriaxone | – | [8] | 1 | 83.3 | 1 | 85.2 |
  Clarithromycin | – | [8] | 8 | 75.0 | 4 | 83.3 |
  Clindamycin | – | [8] | 64 | 87.5 | 0.25 | 91.7 |
  Erythromycin | – | [8] | 16 | 81.3 | 4 | 87.5 |
  Imipenem | – | [2] | – | – | – | – |
  Levofloxacin | – | [9] | 2 | 100 | 2 | 100 |
  Linezolid | – | [9] | 2 | 100 | 2 | 100 |
  Meropenem | – | [6] | 0.5 | 66.7 | 0.5 | 72.0 |
  Minocycline | – | [6] | ≥16 | 33.3 | ≥16 | 44.4 |
  Penicillinc |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   Parenteral (meningitis) | – | [5] | 2 | 27.8 | 2 | 37.0 |
  Tigecycline | – | [9] | 0.06 | 100 | 0.06 | 100 |
  Vancomycin | – | [9] | 1 | 100 | 0.5 | 100 |
Gram-negative | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Enterobacter spp. | n = 283 (58/225) (277d) | n = 530 | n = 813 (58/755) (807d) | |||
  Amikacin | 32 | 86.9 | 16 | 94.0a | 16 | 91.5 |
  Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≥64 | 7.1 | ≥64 | 11.9 | ≥64 | 10.2 |
  Ampicillin | ≥64 | 1.1 | ≥64 | 8.3a | ≥64 | 5.8 |
  Cefepime | 16 | 87.3 | 16 | 89.4 | 16 | 88.7 |
  Ceftriaxone | ≥128 | 56.5 | ≥128 | 59.1 | ≥128 | 58.2 |
  Imipenem | 0.5 | 100 | – | – | – | – |
  Levofloxacin | 8 | 85.9 | 8 | 85.7 | 8 | 85.7 |
  Meropenem | 0.25 | 97.3 | 0.5 | 95.5 | 0.5 | 96.0 |
  Minocycline | ≥32 | 67.5 | ≥32 | 60.8 | ≥32 | 63.1 |
  Piperacillin-tazobactam | 128 | 76.7 | 128 | 76.8 | 128 | 76.8 |
  Tigecycline | 1 | 96.5 | 1 | 96.6 | 1 | 96.6 |
 E. coli | n = 333 (99/234) | n = 863 (17/846) | n = 1196 (116/1080) | |||
  Amikacin | 8 | 96.1 | 16 | 91.4a | 16 | 92.7 |
  Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 32 | 45.0 | ≥64 | 37.1a | 32 | 39.3 |
  Ampicillin | ≥64 | 15.0 | ≥64 | 14.0 | ≥64 | 14.3 |
  Cefepime | ≥64 | 64.6 | ≥64 | 63.8 | ≥64 | 64.0 |
  Ceftriaxone | ≥128 | 45.3 | ≥128 | 43.5 | ≥128 | 44.0 |
  Imipenem | 0.5 | 99.0 | ≤0.06 | 100 | 0.25 | 99.1 |
  Levofloxacin | ≥16 | 35.7 | ≥16 | 33.8 | ≥16 | 34.4 |
  Meropenem | 0.25 | 95.3 | 0.25 | 98.6 | 0.25 | 97.9 |
  Minocycline | 16 | 64.3 | ≥32 | 49.1a | ≥32 | 53.3 |
  Piperacillin-tazobactam | 16 | 90.1 | 128 | 74.3a | 64 | 78.7 |
  Tigecycline | 0.5 | 99.7 | 0.5 | 99.7 | 0.5 | 99.7 |
 K. oxytoca | n = 45 (10/35) (44d) | n = 91 (1/90) | n = 136 (11/125) (135d) | |||
  Amikacin | 8 | 97.8 | 8 | 94.5 | 8 | 95.6 |
  Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 32 | 84.4 | 32 | 68.1 | 32 | 73.5 |
  Ampicillin | ≥64 | 0.0 | ≥64 | 2.2 | ≥64 | 1.5 |
  Cefepime | 8 | 93.3 | 32 | 82.4 | 16 | 86.0 |
  Ceftriaxone | 32 | 75.6 | ≥128 | 68.1 | ≥128 | 70.6 |
  Imipenem | 0.25 | 100 | – | [1] | 0.25 | 100 |
  Levofloxacin | ≥16 | 84.4 | ≥16 | 73.6 | ≥16 | 77.2 |
  Meropenem | 0.25 | 100 | 0.5 | 95.6 | 0.25 | 96.8 |
  Minocycline | 16 | 75.6 | 16 | 74.7 | 16 | 75.0 |
  Piperacillin-tazobactam | 8 | 95.6 | 32 | 83.5 | 32 | 87.5 |
  Tigecycline | 1 | 97.8 | 1 | 97.8 | 1 | 97.8 |
 K. pneumoniae | n = 236 (66/170) (233d) | n = 616 | n = 852 (66/786) (849d) | |||
  Amikacin | 16 | 91.1 | ≥128 | 83.9a | 64 | 85.9 |
  Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 32 | 67.8 | ≥64 | 55.5a | ≥64 | 58.9 |
  Ampicillin | ≥64 | 1.3 | ≥64 | 2.8 | ≥64 | 2.4 |
  Cefepime | 4 | 93.6 | ≥64 | 80.5a | 32 | 84.2 |
  Ceftriaxone | 64 | 68.2 | ≥128 | 56.2a | ≥128 | 59.5 |
  Imipenem | 1 | 100 | – | – | – | – |
  Levofloxacin | ≥16 | 78.0 | ≥16 | 73.9 | ≥16 | 75.0 |
  Meropenem | 0.12 | 98.2 | 0.5 | 94.6 | 0.5 | 95.4 |
  Minocycline | 16 | 70.8 | ≥32 | 55.5a | ≥32 | 59.7 |
  Piperacillin-tazobactam | 64 | 82.6 | ≥256 | 70.1a | ≥256 | 73.6 |
  Tigecycline | 1 | 97.9 | 2 | 95.0 | 2 | 95.8 |
 S. marcescens | n = 102 (26/76) (101d) | n = 211 | n = 313 (26/287) (312d) | |||
  Amikacin | 64 | 77.5 | 32 | 86.3 | 64 | 83.4 |
  Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≥64 | 15.7 | ≥64 | 7.6a | ≥64 | 10.2 |
  Ampicillin | ≥64 | 5.0 | ≥64 | 4.7 | ≥64 | 4.8 |
  Cefepime | 16 | 87.3 | 8 | 90.0 | 16 | 89.1 |
  Ceftriaxone | ≥128 | 64.7 | 64 | 69.7 | ≥128 | 68.1 |
  Imipenem | 2 | 88.5 | – | – | – | – |
  Levofloxacin | 4 | 85.3 | 8 | 85.3 | 8 | 85.3 |
  Meropenem | 0.5 | 93.4 | 0.5 | 92.9 | 0.5 | 93.0 |
  Minocycline | 16 | 74.5 | 16 | 50.2a | 16 | 58.1 |
  Piperacillin-tazobactam | 128 | 81.4 | 64 | 82.9 | 64 | 82.4 |
  Tigecycline | 2 | 97.1 | 2 | 95.3 | 2 | 95.8 |
 H. influenzae | n = 117 (24/93) | n = 111 (5/106) | n = 228 (29/199) | |||
  Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 2 | 98.3 | 4 | 97.3 | 2 | 97.8 |
  Ampicillin | 32 | 59.8 | 32 | 79.3a | 32 | 69.3 |
  Cefepime | ≤0.5 | 98.3 | ≤0.5 | 100 | ≤0.5 | 99.1 |
  Ceftriaxone | 0.12 | 100 | 0.12 | 97.3 | 0.12 | 98.7 |
  Imipenem | 0.5 | 100 | – | [5] | 0.5 | 100 |
  Levofloxacin | 0.03 | 100 | 0.03 | 100 | 0.03 | 100 |
  Meropenem | 0.25 | 100 | 0.12 | 100 | 0.25 | 100 |
  Minocycline | 1 | 100 | 1 | 98.2 | 1 | 99.1 |
  Piperacillin-tazobactam | ≤0.06 | 99.1 | 0.12 | 99.1 | 0.12 | 99.1 |
  Tigecycline | 0.25 | 99.1 | 0.25 | 97.3 | 0.25 | 98.2 |
 Acinetobacter spp. | n = 129 (33/96) | n = 324 | n = 453 (33/420) | |||
  Amikacin | ≥128 | 60.5 | ≥128 | 45.1a | ≥128 | 49.4 |
  Cefepime | 32 | 56.6 | ≥64 | 51.2 | ≥64 | 52.8 |
  Ceftazidime | ≥64 | 28.7 | ≥64 | 30.6 | ≥64 | 30.0 |
  Ceftriaxone | ≥128 | 28.7 | ≥128 | 30.9 | ≥128 | 30.2 |
  Imipenem | 2 | 97.0 | – | – | – | – |
  Levofloxacin | 8 | 44.2 | ≥16 | 40.1a | ≥16 | 41.3 |
  Meropenem | 16 | 76.0 | ≥32 | 63.3a | ≥32 | 66.2 |
  Minocycline | 4 | 93.8 | 16 | 77.5a | 16 | 82.1 |
  Piperacillin-tazobactam | ≥256 | 46.5 | ≥256 | 42.0 | ≥256 | 43.3 |
 P. aeruginosa | n = 214 (70/144) | n = 655 (1/654) | n = 869 (71/798) | |||
  Amikacin | 64 | 71.5 | ≥128 | 64.3 | ≥128 | 66.1 |
  Cefepime | ≥64 | 62.6 | ≥64 | 59.5 | ≥64 | 60.3 |
  Ceftazidime | ≥64 | 51.9 | ≥64 | 50.5 | ≥64 | 50.9 |
  Imipenem | ≥32 | 54.3 | – | [0] | ≥32 | 53.5 |
  Levofloxacin | ≥16 | 59.8 | ≥16 | 58.3 | ≥16 | 58.7 |
  Meropenem | ≥32 | 56.3 | ≥32 | 56.0 | ≥32 | 56.0 |
  Piperacillin-tazobactam | ≥256 | 61.2 | ≥256 | 56.6 | ≥256 | 57.8 |