Table 2 Antibiotics exposure, clinical parameters and treatment during hospitalization

Previous antibiotics*

Penicillin/ b -lactamase inhibitor

416 (37.55%)

261 (47.11%)

0.001

107 (50%)

25 (53.19%)

44 (44.44%)

36 (43.9%)

45 (44.12%)

0.663

Antipseudomonal penicillins

92 (8.3%)

299 (53.97%)

<0.001

123 (57.48%)

21 (44.68%)

60 (60.61%)

35 (42.68%)

53 (51.96%)

0.066

1st or 2nd generation cephalosporin

367 (33.12%)

242 (43.68%)

<0.001

87 (40.65%)

27 (57.45%)

49 (49.49%)

33 (40.24%)

39 (38.24%)

0.118

3th or 4th generation cephalosporin

321 (28.97%)

445 (80.32%)

<0.001

175 (81.78%)

35 (74.47%)

83 (83.84%)

62 (75.61%)

80 (78.43%)

0.498

Carbapenems

42 (3.79%)

256 (46.21%)

<0.001

108 (50.47%)

11 (23.4%)

56 (56.57%)

47 (57.32%)

30 (29.41%)

<0.001

Fluoroquinolones

487 (43.95%)

418 (75.45%)

<0.001

172 (80.37%)

35 (74.47%)

73 (73.74%)

61 (74.39%)

69 (67.65%)

0.173

Antibiotics in ward

Antibiotics days

9.1 ± 9.0

14.9 ± 11.5

<0.001

15.6 ± 10.9

14.5 ± 13.7

16.6 ± 11.8

14.7 ± 13.9

12.2 ± 9.1

0.105

Penicillin/ b -lactamase inhibitor

240 (21.7%)

86 (15.5%)

0.003

52 (24.3%)

6 (12.8%)

9 (9.1%)

11 (13.4%)

6 (5.9%)

<0.001

Antipseudomonal penicillins

95 (8.6%)

121 (21.8%)

<0.001

38 (17.8%)

12 (25.5%)

21 (21.2%)

20 (24.4%)

26 (25.5%)

0.463

1st or 2nd generation cephalosporin

206 (18.6%)

36 (6.5%)

<0.001

11 (5.1%)

6 (12.8%)

7 (7.1%)

3 (3.7%)

9 (8.8%)

0.229

3th or 4th generation cephalosporin

252 (22.7%)

238 (42.9%)

<0.001

86 (40.2%)

19 (40.4%)

39 (39.4%)

36 (43.9%)

54 (52.9%)

0.241

Carbapenems

60 (5.4%)

219 (39.5%)

<0.001

84 (39.3%)

19 (40.4%)

57 (57.6%)

27 (32.9%)

27 (26.5%)

0.001

Fluoroquinolones

345 (31.1%)

182 (32.9%)

0.479

57 (26.6%)

14 (29.8%)

41 (41.4%)

35 (42.7%)

30 (29.4%)

0.022

Glycopeptide

85 (7.7%)

262 (47.3%)

<0.001

111 (51.9%)

7 (14.9%)

40 (40.4%)

23 (28.1%)

77 (75.5%)

<0.001

Aminoglycoside

11 (0.9%)

33 (5.9%)

<0.001

10 (4.7%)

1 (2.1%)

8 (8.1%)

7 (8.5%)

5 (4.9%)

0.416

Other

159 (14.4%)

242 (43.7%)

<0.001

143 (66.8%)

11 (23.4%)

28 (28.3%)

34 (41.5%)

24 (23.5%)

<0.001

Time from diagnosis (months)

5.2 ± 17.2

28.1 ± 30.9

<0.001

22.9 ± 27.9

16.1 ± 17.5

20.8 ± 25.5

38.9 ± 33.6

41.9 ± 35.6

<0.001

WBC (×10^3 /uL)

10.4 ± 7.3

13.1 ± 14.1

<0.001

12.9 ± 6.5

9.9 ± 6.4

13.0 ± 5.9

12.1 ± 5.0

15.9 ± 30.3

0.157

Platelet (×10^3 /uL)

226.5 ± 92.1

229.1 ± 106.8

0.629

241.8 ± 112.5

201.3 ± 98.6

213.8 ± 95.1

230.7 ± 93.6

229.5 ± 116.6

0.085

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

64.8 ± 74.5

79.9 ± 84.2

0.002

75.8 ± 75.3

63.5 ± 78.6

103.9 ± 102.5

70.4 ± 80.3

81.4 ± 89.3

0.055

Creatinine,baseline (mg/dL)

1.3 ± 1.3

1.4 ± 1.5

0.533

1.3 ± 1.6

1.5 ± 1.3

1.5 ± 1.6

0.9 ± 0.9

1.6 ± 1.6

0.019

Creatinine,ward (mg/dL)

1.4 ± 1.6

1.8 ± 1.9

0.001

1.8 ± 1.9

1.8 ± 1.8

1.9 ± 1.9

1.4 ± 1.4

1.9 ± 2.0

0.354

Acute kidney injury

149 (13.5%)

157 (28.3%)

<0.001

69 (32.2%)

12 (25.5%)

31 (31.3%)

16 (19.5%)

24 (23.5%)

0.162

Hemodialysis

34 (3.1%)

60 (10.8%)

<0.001

22 (10.3%)

8 (17.0%)

15 (15.2%)

4 (4.9%)

10 (9.8%)

0.138

Inhospital medication

Systemic steroid

471 (42.5%)

395 (71.3%)

<0.001

165 (77.1%)

35 (74.5%)

66 (66.7%)

50 (60.9%)

71 (69.6%)

0.057

Inhalation steroid

135 (12.2%)

118 (21.3%)

<0.001

53 (24.8%)

9 (19.2%)

23 (23.2%)

21 (25.6%)

11 (10.8%)

0.051

Antibiotic

885 (79.9%)

544 (98.2%)

<0.001

211 (98.6%)

46 (97.9%)

98 (98.9%)

79 (96.3%)

100 (98.0%)

0.662

Inhalation gentamicin

51 (4.6%)

50 (9.0%)

0.001

22 (10.3%)

4 (8.5%)

6 (6.1%)

11 (13.4%)

7 (6.9%)

0.419