Table 2 Demographic, clinical, and first EVD catheter characteristics
From: External ventriculostomy-associated infection reduction after updating a care bundle
N = 198 | Pre-UP n = 87 | Post-UP n = 111 | Bivariate | Regression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean, SD) | 53 ± 14 | 57 ± 15 | NS | NS | |
Gender | Female | 56% | 53% | NS | NS |
Pathological history | Diabetes | 18% | 12% | NS | |
Hypertension | 37% | 40% | NS | ||
COPD | 50% | 50% | NS | ||
Renal failure | 0% | 4% | NS | ||
Alcoholism | 5% | 3% | NS | ||
Other | |||||
Diagnosis at hospital admission | SAH | 40% | 45% | 0.004 | NS |
ICH | 15% | 31% | |||
Tumor | 23% | 7% | |||
TBI | 5% | 4% | |||
VPSD | 2% | 0% | |||
Other | 15% | 13% | |||
GCS median (Q1–Q3) | Hospital admission | 14 (9–15) | 12 (7–15) | 0.033 | NS |
GCS median (Q1–Q3) | ICU admission | 10 (6–14) | 8 (5–13) | 0.031 | NS |
Severity scales | APACHE III (mean, SD) | 52 ± 28 | 59 ± 24 | NS | |
SOFA (median, Q1–Q3) | 5 (3–7) | 6 (5–9) | 0.014 | 0.04 | |
Previous neuro-intervention | 46% | 31% | 0.027 | ||
Intraventricular hemorrhage | 54% | 76% | 0.001 | NS | |
Concomitant infection | 82% | 86% | NS | NS | |
Nasal colonization | 3% | 2% | NS | ||
Rectal colonization | 22% | 13% | NS | ||
Barbiturate | 2% | 3% | NS | ||
Steroids | 59% | 52% | NS | ||
Intrathecal urokinase | 9% | 3% | 0.048 | NS | |
Mechanical ventilation (MV) | 85% | 82% | NS | ||
Days of MV | Median, Q1–Q3 | 3 (1–16) | 8 (1–18) | NS | |
Tracheostomy | 28% | 30% | NS | ||
Length of stay in ICU | Median, Q1–Q3 | 12 (2–25) | 9 (2–22) | NS | |
Length of stay in hospital | Median, Q1–Q3 | 39 (19–63) | 30 (17–49) | 0.018 | |
GOS at hospital discharge | Dead | 24% | 27% | NS | |
Vegetative state | 1% | 1% | |||
Alive and conscious | 75% | 72% | |||
First EVD catheter characteristics | |||||
Operator | R1 | 2% | 6% | 0.032 | NS |
R2 | 13% | 20% | |||
R3 | 17% | 20% | |||
R4 | 23% | 13% | |||
R5 | 10% | 5% | |||
Neurosurgeon | 33% | 27% | |||
Other hospital or unknown | 1% | 9% | |||
Place of insertion | Critical units | 52% | 55% | NS | |
Ward | 3% | 3% | |||
Operating room | 37% | 28% | |||
Emergency box | 8% | 12% | |||
Other hospital | 0% | 2% | |||
Tunneled | 59% | 97% | 0.000 | P < 0.001 | |
ICP monitoring | 78% | 79% | NS | ||
Prophylaxis | 94% | 97% | NS | ||
Complications during insertion | Misplacement/hematoma | 25% | 12% | 0.021 | P < 0.001 |
No necessary | 44% | 52% | |||
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion | 14% | 13% | |||
Reason for catheter removal | Misplacement, obstruction, dysfunction, surgery, or accidental removal | 34% | 18% | 0,007 | NS |
Death or withdrawal of care | 8% | 17% | |||
Days of EVD | 9 (4–15) | 12 (7–15) | NS | NS | |