Fig. 4

Hierarchical clustering of the detected ARGs in oral biofilm samples of three different groups of 179 study participants based on metagenomic sequencing: A PCoA showing three different clusters defining three resistotypes; B percentages of samples in H, C, and P belonging to each resistotype; C prevalence of eight ARGs underlying the resistotypes 1–3, with these ARGs being the most variable across the resistotypes. Healthy (n = 63, 60.3% female), Caries (n = 61, 31.1% female), and Periodontitis (n = 55, 41.8% female)