Ethnomedicines and anti-parasitic activities of Pakistani medicinal plants against Plasmodia and Leishmania parasites

Table 3 In-vitro screening of traditionally used anti-leishmanial and anti-malarial plants against Leishmania and Plasmodia parasites

Plant name	Part used	Parasite type	Extract	Concentration (µg/ml)	Inhibition (%)	Citation
Aloe vera	Leaves	Leishmania tropica	Crude methanol	25	15	[25]
				50	27
				75	43
				100	66
Artemisia annua	Leaves	Plasmodium falciparum	Aqueous	0.095	50	[86]
Azadiracha indica	Leaves	Plasmodium falciparum	Ethanol	2.4	50	[36]
Azadiracha indica	Leaves	Plasmodium falciparum	Ethanol	2.5	50	[36]
Asparagus asiaticus	Roots	Leishmania major	Crude methanol	25	22	[63]
				50	34
				250	42
				500	51
			Amphotericin B (Reference drug as a control)	25	50
				50	75
				250	88
				500	100
Citrullus colocynthis	Fruits	Leishmania major	Crude methanol	25	67	[35]
				50	71
				250	88
				500	100
Juniperus excels	Fresh berries	Leishmania major	Crude methanol	25	49	[37]
				50	58
				250	88
				500	97
Melia azedarach	Fruit	Leishmania tropica	Aqueous	1500	55.9	[86]
				2500	67.4
				5000	80.4
Moringa oleifera	Leaves	Plasmodium falciparum	Acetone	400	59.8	[31]
Nepeta praetervisa	Leaves	Leishmania major	Methanol	25	39	[62]
				50	54
				250	68
				500	78
Peganum harmala	Seeds	Plasmodium falciparum	Ethanol	12.5	91	[58]
				25	97.4
				50	98.5
				100	99.8
			Chloroquine	NA	99.6
Perotis hordeiformis	Leaves	Leishmania major	Methanol	25	47	[65]
				50	58
				250	70
				500	80
			Amphotericin B (Reference drug as a control)	25	50
				50	75
				250	88
				500	100
Rhazya stricta	Leaves	Leishmania major	Crude methanol	25	65	[34]
				50	70
				250	92
				500	100
Salvia bucharica	Leaves	Leishmania major	Crude methanol	25	44	[67]
				50	40
				250	59
				500	75
Tamarix aphylla	Barks	Leishmania tropica	Crude methanol	25	20	[25]
				50	28
				75	54
				100	84
Thuspeinanta brahuica	Leaves	Leishmania major	Crude methanol	25	40	[87]
				50	58
				75	70
				100	82
			Amphotericin B (Reference drug as a control)	25	50
				50	75
				75	88
				100	100

ISSN: 1476-0711